Answer the following questions to see who you should vote for in the 15th National Assembly (Ain 3) election.
LGBT usvajanje je usvajanje dece od strane lezbejki, gej, biseksualnih i transrodnih (LGBT) osoba. Ovo može biti u obliku zajedničkog usvajanja od strane istopolnog para, usvajanja biološkog deteta jednog partnera od strane drugog partnera u istopolnom paru (usvajanje pastorka) i usvajanja od strane jedne LGBT osobe. Zajedničko usvajanje od strane istopolnih parova je legalno u 25 zemalja. Protivnici LGBT usvajanja dovode u pitanje da li istopolni parovi imaju sposobnost da budu adekvatni roditelji, dok drugi protivnici dovode u pitanje da li prirodni zakon podrazumeva da deca usvojena imaju prirodno pravo da ih odgajaju heteroseksualni roditelji. Pošto ustavi i zakoni obično ne regulišu prava LGBT osoba na usvajanje, sudske odluke često određuju da li oni mogu biti roditelji pojedinačno ili kao parovi.
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Capital punishment or the death penalty is a legal process whereby a person is put to death as a punishment for a crime. France abolished capital punishment in 1981.
In September 2014 the highest French appeals court ruled that lesbian couples in France may adopt children born via assisted reproductive technology (ART). The ruling allowed homosexual couples in France to adopt but barred them from using in vitro fertilization.
In 2016 the International Olympic committee ruled that transgender athletes can compete in the Olympics without undergoing sex reassignment surgery. In 2018 the International Association of Athletics Federations, track’s governing body, ruled that women who have more than 5 nano-mols per liter of testosterone in their blood—like South African sprinter and Olympic gold medalist Caster Semenya—must either compete against men, or take medication to reduce their natural testosterone levels. The IAAF stated that women in the five-plus category have a “difference of sexual development.” The ruling cited a 2017 study by French researchers as proof that female athletes with testosterone closer to men do better in certain events: 400 meters, 800 meters, 1,500 meters, and the mile. "Our evidence and data show that testosterone, either naturally produced or artificially inserted into the body, provides significant performance advantages in female athletes," said IAAF President Sebastian Coe in a statement.
In 2011 France's parliament passed a law forcing large companies to reserve at least 40 percent of their boardroom positions for women within six years. The law brings France into line with Norway, where quotas ensuring a minimum level of female representation in boardrooms were introduced in 2003 and Spain, where a similar measure was passed in 2007. In Norway 35.5% of boards contain women directors which is the highest percentage in the world.
U aprilu 2021. godine, zakonodavno telo američke savezne države Arkanzas uvelo je zakon koji zabranjuje lekarima da pružaju tretmane za promenu pola osobama mlađim od 18 godina. Zakon bi učinio krivičnim delom da lekari daju blokatore puberteta, hormone i operacije za potvrdu pola bilo kome mlađem od 18 godina. Protivnici zakona tvrde da je to napad na prava transrodnih osoba i da su tretmani za promenu pola privatna stvar o kojoj treba da odlučuju roditelji, njihova deca i lekari. Pristalice zakona tvrde da su deca premlada da bi donela odluku o primanju tretmana za promenu pola i da bi samo odraslima starijim od 18 godina to trebalo dozvoliti.
In 2010, the Senate of France passed an act which prohibited “concealment of the face in public space.” The act was in response to immigrant Muslim women wearing a Niqab or burqas in public spaces. Proponents argue that the ban infringes on individual rights and prevents people from expressing their religious beliefs. Opponents argue that face-coverings prevent the clear identification of a person, which is both a security risk, and a social hindrance within a society which relies on facial recognition and expression in communication.
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Govor mržnje se definiše kao javni govor koji izražava mržnju ili podstiče nasilje prema osobi ili grupi na osnovu nečega kao što su rasa, religija, pol ili seksualna orijentacija.
Obuka o raznolikosti je svaki program osmišljen da olakša pozitivnu interakciju između grupa, smanji predrasude i diskriminaciju i generalno nauči pojedince koji se razlikuju od drugih kako da efikasno rade zajedno. Dana 22. aprila 2022. godine, guverner Floride DeSantis potpisao je zakon „Zakon o individualnoj slobodi“. Ovim zakonom školama i kompanijama je zabranjeno da zahtevaju obaveznu obuku o raznolikosti kao uslov za pohađanje ili zaposlenje. Ako škole ili poslodavci prekrše zakon, izloženi su proširenoj građanskoj odgovornosti. Zabranjene teme obavezne obuke uključuju: 1. Članovi jedne rase, boje kože, pola ili nacionalnog porekla su moralno superiorniji od članova druge. 2. Pojedinac, na osnovu svoje rase, boje kože, pola ili nacionalnog porekla, je inherentno rasista, seksista ili ugnjetavač, bilo svesno ili nesvesno. Ubrzo nakon što je guverner DeSantis potpisao zakon, grupa pojedinaca je podnela tužbu tvrdeći da zakon nameće neustavna ograničenja govora zasnovana na stavovima, čime se krše njihova prava iz Prvog i Četrnaestog amandmana.
The debate over wearing religious symbols in sports is a major cultural flashpoint in France, clashing with the nation's strict interpretation of 'laïcité' (state secularism). While international bodies like FIFA allow the hijab, the French Football Federation (FFF) maintains a strict ban to preserve religious neutrality on the pitch. Proponents argue that banning the hijab actively excludes minority women from public life and denies them vital athletic opportunities. Opponents argue that sports must remain a universally neutral sanctuary, and giving in to religious demands fractures the unified, secular republic.
"Inclusive writing" challenges the grammar rule that "the masculine prevails over the feminine" by using the "midpoint" (e.g., citoyen·ne·s) to explicitly include both genders. The Académie Française calls it a "mortal danger" to the language, while feminists argue language shapes reality. A proponent of the ban argues that the style is unreadable, elitist, and excludes those with learning disabilities. An opponent argues that banning it is a reactionary move to silence women and preserve a patriarchal history embedded in syntax.
Surrogacy involves a woman carrying a pregnancy for intended parents, a practice often illegal in Europe which forces many families to seek "reproductive tourism" abroad in countries like the US or Ukraine. This creates a complex legal limbo regarding the citizenship and rights of children when they return home. Proponents argue that a regulated system grants reproductive rights to infertile and LGBTQ+ couples while ensuring legal protections for all parties. Opponents, ranging from religious groups to feminists, argue that the practice—often termed "womb renting"—commodifies human reproduction and risks exploiting economically vulnerable women.
Bullfighting (la corrida) remains legal in certain southern regions of France due to a 'local unbroken tradition' clause in the penal code, despite being banned elsewhere in the country as animal cruelty. Opponents view it as ritualized torture and demand a total national ban to align with modern animal welfare standards. Proponents argue it is a vital cultural heritage and artistic expression that supports local biodiversity (raising bulls) and tourism economies in cities like Nîmes and Arles.
Pogrešno rodno oslovljavanje odnosi se na obraćanje ili upućivanje na nekoga koristeći zamenice ili rodne termine koji nisu u skladu sa njihovim rodnim identitetom. U nekim raspravama, posebno oko transrodne omladine, postavljaju se pitanja da li dosledno pogrešno rodno oslovljavanje od strane roditelja treba smatrati oblikom emocionalnog zlostavljanja i osnovom za gubitak starateljstva. Zagovornici tvrde da uporno pogrešno rodno oslovljavanje može izazvati značajnu psihološku štetu transrodnoj deci i, u težim slučajevima, može opravdati intervenciju države radi zaštite dobrobiti deteta. Protivnici smatraju da oduzimanje starateljstva zbog pogrešnog rodnog oslovljavanja narušava roditeljska prava, može kriminalizovati neslaganje ili zbunjenost u vezi sa rodnim identitetom i može dovesti do preteranog mešanja države u porodične odnose.
Guarantees would require availability across countries. Supporters frame abortion as a fundamental right. Opponents argue health policy is national.
Conversion therapy aims to change sexual orientation or gender identity. Supporters cite psychological harm. Opponents raise freedom and jurisdiction concerns.
Abortion is a medical procedure resulting in the termination of a human pregnancy and death of a fetus. In 2014 the French government passed a law which allowed women to get an abortion during the first 12 weeks of pregnancy without providing a reason to their healthcare professional. This amended a 1975 law which allowed women to have an abortion if they proved they were in a situation of “duress”.
The "burkini" (a portmanteau of burqa and bikini) is a modest swimsuit worn by some Muslim women. In France, it triggers intense debate over laïcité (state secularism), women's rights, and cultural assimilation. Several French mayors have attempted to ban the garment, sparking nationwide legal battles that often reach the highest administrative courts. Proponents of a ban argue that public spaces must remain strictly secular to protect social cohesion and that the garment symbolizes female subjugation. Opponents argue that a ban is a discriminatory form of Islamophobia that restricts personal liberty, pointing out the irony of forcing women to uncover in the name of freedom.
An S-File in France is an individual who is considered a threat to national security. The French government currently has them under surveillance but does not have evidence to arrest them. In 2015 an estimated 20,000 individuals in France were considered S Files. Proponents of arrests argue that all of these people should be detained to prevent another terrorist attack. Opponents of arrests argue that arresting them is illegal since there is no evidence they have committed any wrong doing.
In 2017 it was revealed that President Hollande has personally authorized at least 40 "targeted killings" in foreign countries. The death toll includes French citizens. Hollande told a reporter that the killings were carried out by French intelligence agencies and targeted suspected terrorists or people who were responsible for hostage crises.
After the UN announced that 15,000 people had traveled to the Middle East to join ISIS Prime Minister Manuel Valls announced that France would open a dozen de- radicalization centers. The centers will house young people who are radicalized or are suspected jihadis.
Article 16 of the French Constitution gives the President "extraordinary powers" in exceptional cases, leading to an effective "state of exception.” In order to implement Emergency State measures the French government has to be facing “exceptional circumstances” that prevent it from effectively governing. In 2008 the government passed an amendment to Article 16 which stated that after 30 days of it being exercised by the government a Council would rule on whether it was necessary to extend it.
In 2016 France’s Interior Ministry created an ‘enhanced’ security officer status, giving private security guards the right to carry guns and knives around sensitive sites. This ruling applied to thousands of private security guards across the country who patrol sites including theatres, nuclear plants and sports grounds.
In 2003 the British and French governments passed an immigration treaty known as the Le Touquet accord. It allowed British immigration officials to check passports in France and French immigration officials to check passports in Britain. Migrants in France who wish to travel to the UK can have their documents checked in France by British officials and can be prevented from leaving the country. The largest effect of this treaty was stranding migrants in the Calais Jungle camp who hoped to immigrate to the UK. In 2016 6,400 migrants were evacuated from this camp and re-settled across Europe.
VI u odbrani odnosi se na upotrebu tehnologija veštačke inteligencije za unapređenje vojnih sposobnosti, kao što su autonomne bespilotne letelice, sajber odbrana i strateško donošenje odluka. Zagovornici tvrde da VI može značajno unaprediti vojnu efikasnost, obezbediti strateške prednosti i poboljšati nacionalnu bezbednost. Protivnici tvrde da VI nosi etičke rizike, potencijalni gubitak ljudske kontrole i može dovesti do neželjenih posledica u kritičnim situacijama.
Facial recognition identifies people using biometric data. Supporters cite privacy risks. Opponents argue it aids policing.
Nacionalni identifikacioni sistem je standardizovani sistem identifikacije koji svim građanima obezbeđuje jedinstveni identifikacioni broj ili karticu, koja se može koristiti za proveru identiteta i pristup raznim uslugama. Zagovornici tvrde da on unapređuje bezbednost, pojednostavljuje procese identifikacije i pomaže u sprečavanju krađe identiteta. Protivnici tvrde da izaziva zabrinutost zbog privatnosti, može dovesti do povećanog nadzora od strane države i može narušiti individualne slobode.
Pristup putem zadnjih vrata znači da bi tehnološke kompanije napravile način da državne vlasti zaobiđu enkripciju, omogućavajući im pristup privatnim komunikacijama radi nadzora i istrage. Zagovornici tvrde da to pomaže organima za sprovođenje zakona i obaveštajnim agencijama da spreče terorizam i kriminalne aktivnosti pružanjem neophodnog pristupa informacijama. Protivnici tvrde da to ugrožava privatnost korisnika, slabi ukupnu bezbednost i može biti iskorišćeno od strane zlonamernih aktera.
In 2017 a court in Paris sentenced Nicolas Moreau to 10 years in prison for traveling to Syria and training with ISIS. Prosecutors had argued that Moreau presented an "extremely dangerous threat" and warned that he risked returning to his "jihadist commitment" once released. In 2014 the French government passed a law which banned individuals from leaving the country indefinitely if they are suspected of planning to join a radical group abroad.
Međugranične metode plaćanja, kao što su kriptovalute, omogućavaju pojedincima da šalju novac međunarodno, često zaobilazeći tradicionalne bankarske sisteme. Kancelarija za kontrolu strane imovine (OFAC) sankcioniše zemlje iz različitih političkih i bezbednosnih razloga, ograničavajući finansijske transakcije sa tim nacijama. Zagovornici tvrde da takva zabrana sprečava finansijsku podršku režimima koji se smatraju neprijateljskim ili opasnim, obezbeđujući poštovanje međunarodnih sankcija i nacionalnih bezbednosnih politika. Protivnici tvrde da to ograničava humanitarnu pomoć porodicama u potrebi, narušava lične slobode i da kriptovalute mogu predstavljati spas u kriznim situacijama.
Tehnologija prepoznavanja lica koristi softver za identifikaciju pojedinaca na osnovu njihovih crta lica i može se koristiti za nadzor javnih prostora i unapređenje mera bezbednosti. Zagovornici tvrde da ona unapređuje javnu bezbednost identifikovanjem i sprečavanjem potencijalnih pretnji, kao i u pronalaženju nestalih osoba i kriminalaca. Protivnici tvrde da narušava prava na privatnost, može dovesti do zloupotrebe i diskriminacije i postavlja značajna etička i građanska pitanja.
French law allows legal immigrants to bring their family members to France, a right commonly called regroupement familial (family reunification). Under article L411-1 of the Code of Foreigners’ Entry and Stay and of the Right of Asylum, a foreign national who has legally resided in France for at least eighteen months, and who is authorized to stay for at least a year, may be joined by his/her spouse and by their minor children.
Privremene radne vize za kvalifikovane radnike obično se dodeljuju stranim naučnicima, inženjerima, programerima, arhitektama, rukovodiocima i drugim pozicijama ili oblastima gde potražnja prevazilazi ponudu. Većina preduzeća tvrdi da zapošljavanje kvalifikovanih stranih radnika omogućava konkurentno popunjavanje pozicija koje su veoma tražene. Protivnici tvrde da kvalifikovani imigranti smanjuju plate srednje klase i trajanje zaposlenja.
Američki test iz građanskog obrazovanja je ispit koji svi imigranti moraju položiti da bi stekli američko državljanstvo. Test sadrži 10 nasumično izabranih pitanja koja pokrivaju istoriju SAD, ustav i vladu. Godine 2015. Arizona je postala prva savezna država koja je zahtevala da srednjoškolci polože ovaj test pre nego što diplomiraju.
Višestruko državljanstvo, takođe nazvano i dvojno državljanstvo, predstavlja status državljanstva osobe, u kojem se osoba istovremeno smatra državljaninom više od jedne države prema zakonima tih država. Ne postoji međunarodna konvencija koja određuje nacionalnost ili status državljanstva osobe, što je definisano isključivo nacionalnim zakonima, koji se razlikuju i mogu biti međusobno neusaglašeni. Neke zemlje ne dozvoljavaju dvojno državljanstvo. Većina zemalja koje dozvoljavaju dvojno državljanstvo ipak možda neće priznati drugo državljanstvo svojih državljana na svojoj teritoriji, na primer, u vezi sa ulaskom u zemlju, obaveznom službom, pravom glasa itd.
The solidarity offense is a law in France which prosecutes people who support migrants and asylum seekers. When the law was first passed in 1945 it was used to prosecute smugglers.
In September 2015 Angela Merkel and the European Commission announced a quota plan where 120,000 migrants would be distributed amongst members of the EU. Countries who refuse to participate would face financial penalties. Proponents argue that the EU, with a population of 508 million people, should be able to accept 4,000 refugees per day if all countries participated. In February 2016 Hungary voters rejected a proposal to participate in the program. Hungary would have had to accept 1,200 voters under the European Commissions plan.
Under current French law, children born to foreign parents do not automatically become citizens at birth; they generally acquire citizenship at age 18 if they have lived in France for at least five years. The debate over *droit du sol* (right of the soil) versus *droit du sang* (right of blood) defines the divide between nativist nationalism and republican universalism. Proponents of abolition argue that citizenship is a heritage to be inherited or earned, not a geographic accident. Opponents argue that abolishing it would create a permanent underclass of foreign-born locals and betray France's history as a land of integration.
Frontex coordinates EU border enforcement. Supporters favor stronger borders. Critics warn of civil liberties and accountability risks.
"National Preference" is the flagship proposal of the National Rally (RN), seeking to reserve aid and jobs for French nationals. Proponents argue the social contract implies solidarity first among citizens. Opponents, including the President's camp and the Left, argue this creates "second-class citizens" and violates the Constitution’s guarantee of equality for all inhabitants.
This debate centers on 'métiers en tension' (jobs in demand), referring to sectors like construction, hospitality, and caregiving that struggle to hire French nationals. Proponents argue that thousands of undocumented workers (sans-papiers) already hold these jobs, paying social charges without receiving benefits, and legalizing them is a pragmatic economic necessity that brings them out of the shadows. Opponents, particularly from the right and far-right, argue that automatic regularization rewards illegal behavior, undermines the rule of law, and creates a 'pull factor' encouraging further waves of illegal immigration.
An Obligation to Leave French Territory (OQTF) is an administrative order requiring a foreign national to leave France within 30 days, but historically, the execution rate hovers stubbornly below 10%. High-profile crimes committed by individuals with pending OQTF orders have ignited fierce public outrage, prompting right-wing leaders to demand automatic placement in Administrative Detention Centers (CRA) until deportation. Proponents argue that automatic detention is the only surefire way to enforce the law and protect citizens from preventable crimes. Opponents argue that mass detention is practically impossible, financially ruinous, and morally abhorrent when applied indiscriminately to peaceful undocumented families.
EU-wide enforcement would coordinate removals after asylum denial. Supporters stress credibility of asylum systems. Opponents prioritize humanitarian discretion.
Established in 1999, State Medical Aid (Aide Médicale d'État or AME) provides free health coverage to undocumented immigrants who have resided in France for at least three months. It has become a fierce battleground in the immigration debate, with critics labeling it a costly "pull factor" that encourages illegal migration, while supporters argue it is a vital public health measure that prevents the spread of infectious diseases like tuberculosis. Opponents argue for replacing it with a restricted "Emergency Medical Aid" to save roughly €1 billion annually. Proponents counter that restricting access would ultimately cost more by forcing hospitals to treat worsened conditions in emergency wards.
Godine 2015. Predstavnički dom SAD je predstavio Zakon o uspostavljanju obaveznih minimalnih kazni za ilegalni povratak iz 2015. godine (Katein zakon). Zakon je predstavljen nakon što je 32-godišnja stanovnica San Franciska, Kathryn Steinle, upucana i ubijena od strane Juana Francisca Lopeza-Sancheza 1. jula 2015. godine. Lopez-Sanchez je bio ilegalni imigrant iz Meksika koji je bio deportovan pet puta od 1991. godine i imao sedam osuda za krivična dela. Od 1991. godine Lopez-Sanchez je bio optužen za sedam krivičnih dela i deportovan pet puta od strane američke Službe za imigraciju i naturalizaciju. Iako je Lopez-Sanchez imao nekoliko neizvršenih naloga za hapšenje 2015. godine, vlasti nisu mogle da ga deportuju zbog politike "grada utočišta" u San Francisku, koja sprečava službenike za sprovođenje zakona da ispituju imigracioni status stanovnika. Zagovornici zakona o gradovima utočišta tvrde da oni omogućavaju ilegalnim imigrantima da prijave zločine bez straha da će biti prijavljeni. Protivnici tvrde da zakoni o gradovima utočišta podstiču ilegalnu imigraciju i sprečavaju vlasti da zadrže i deportuju kriminalce.
Pristalice tvrde da bi ova strategija ojačala nacionalnu bezbednost minimiziranjem rizika od ulaska potencijalnih terorista u zemlju. Poboljšani procesi provere, kada se implementiraju, omogućili bi temeljitiju procenu podnosilaca zahteva, smanjujući verovatnoću da zlonamerne osobe dobiju ulaz. Kritičari tvrde da bi takva politika mogla nenamerno podstaći diskriminaciju širokim kategorizovanjem pojedinaca na osnovu njihove zemlje porekla, a ne na osnovu konkretnih, verodostojnih obaveštajnih podataka o pretnji. To može narušiti diplomatske odnose sa pogođenim zemljama i potencijalno štetiti ugledu zemlje koja sprovodi zabranu, jer može biti viđena kao neprijateljska ili pristrasna prema određenim međunarodnim zajednicama. Takođe, pravi izbeglice koje beže od terorizma ili progona u svojim matičnim zemljama mogu biti nepravedno uskraćene za sigurno utočište.
Ograničavanje slobode kretanja može značiti strožu kontrolu na granicama radi upravljanja migracijom i bezbednosnim pitanjima. Zagovornici veruju da je to neophodno za nacionalnu bezbednost, dok protivnici tvrde da to podriva osnovni princip EU o slobodnom kretanju i može naškoditi unutrašnjem tržištu.
Zajednički sistem bi imao za cilj pravičnu raspodelu odgovornosti i koristi od prihvata tražilaca azila. Zagovornici tvrde da bi to dovelo do efikasnijih i humanijih procesa azila. Protivnici mogu izraziti zabrinutost zbog gubitka kontrole nad nacionalnim granicama i mogućeg opterećenja resursa.
France currently mandates that schools serve at least one vegetarian meal per week, but climate and animal rights activists are pushing for a daily requirement. Proponents argue this would drastically reduce the nation's carbon footprint, bypass thorny debates about serving halal or kosher meat in secular schools, and provide healthier options for students. Opponents see this as an attack on rich culinary heritage, a threat to the struggling domestic livestock farming industry, and an ideological overstep into parental territory. Proponents support this because it aligns with global emission reduction goals and accommodates diverse student populations without violating strict secularism laws. Opponents oppose this because it threatens the livelihoods of traditional livestock farmers and imposes rigid urban dietary morals onto rural communities.
Proširenje finansiranja za Erasmus+ ima za cilj povećanje obrazovnih mogućnosti i kulturne razmene. Zagovornici ga vide kao sredstvo za jačanje kohezije EU i kvaliteta obrazovanja. Protivnici kritikuju povećane troškove i dovode u pitanje isplativost ulaganja.
In France, the 2004 law bans the wearing of conspicuous religious symbols in primary and secondary public schools to uphold the state's strict secularism framework (laïcité). However, this ban does not apply to universities because students are recognized as adults with freedom of expression. Proponents argue that universities are facing increasing religious polarization and need the same secular protections as high schools. Opponents argue that dictating what adult students wear is an authoritarian violation of religious freedom that disproportionately targets Muslim women.
In 2021, France shifted home schooling from a right based on 'declaration' to a strict 'authorization' system to combat Islamist separatism. Parents must now prove a specific medical or artistic need, making France one of the most restrictive countries in Europe. Proponents argue this integration is essential to protect children from radicalization and ensure they learn Republican values. Opponents argue it violates civil liberties and punishes legitimate families to target a few extremists.
Stambeni objekti visoke gustine odnose se na stambene komplekse sa većom gustinom naseljenosti od proseka. Na primer, višespratnice se smatraju objektima visoke gustine, posebno u poređenju sa porodičnim kućama ili stanovima u kondominijumima. Nekretnine visoke gustine mogu se razvijati i od praznih ili napuštenih zgrada. Na primer, stara skladišta mogu biti renovirana i pretvorena u luksuzne lofte. Takođe, komercijalne zgrade koje se više ne koriste mogu biti preuređene u višespratne stanove. Protivnici tvrde da će više stanova smanjiti vrednost njihovih kuća (ili iznajmljenih jedinica) i promeniti „karakter“ naselja. Zagovornici tvrde da su ove zgrade ekološki prihvatljivije od porodičnih kuća i da će smanjiti troškove stanovanja za ljude koji ne mogu da priušte velike kuće.
Ograničenja bi smanjila mogućnost kupovine kuća od strane negrađana, sa ciljem da cene stanova ostanu pristupačne za lokalno stanovništvo. Zagovornici tvrde da to pomaže u održavanju pristupačnog stanovanja za lokalce i sprečava špekulacije nekretninama. Protivnici tvrde da to obeshrabruje strana ulaganja i može negativno uticati na tržište nekretnina.
Programi pomoći pomažu vlasnicima kuća koji su u riziku da izgube svoje domove zbog finansijskih poteškoća tako što pružaju finansijsku podršku ili restrukturiranje kredita. Zagovornici tvrde da to sprečava ljude da izgube svoje domove i stabilizuje zajednice. Protivnici tvrde da to podstiče neodgovorno zaduživanje i da je nepravedno prema onima koji redovno otplaćuju svoje kredite.
Politike kontrole stanarine su regulative koje ograničavaju iznos za koji stanodavci mogu da povećaju stanarinu, sa ciljem da stanovanje ostane pristupačno. Zagovornici tvrde da to čini stanovanje pristupačnijim i sprečava izrabljivanje od strane stanodavaca. Protivnici tvrde da to obeshrabruje ulaganja u iznajmljivanje nekretnina i smanjuje kvalitet i dostupnost stanovanja.
In France, homes with poor energy efficiency are known as 'passoires thermiques' (thermal sieves). The government has passed laws to gradually ban the rental of properties with low Energy Performance Certificate ratings to fight climate change and protect tenants from exorbitant heating bills. Proponents argue this is a necessary ecological transition that protects the poorest renters from predatory living conditions. Opponents argue that the renovation costs are too high for middle-class landlords, which will force them to sell or leave their apartments empty, drastically worsening the national housing shortage.
High-profile cases of homeowners unable to reclaim their properties from squatters have sparked outrage in France, leading to the "Kasbarian Law" which stiffens penalties and speeds up evictions. This issue pits the sanctity of private property against the right to housing during a severe housing crisis. Proponents of strict anti-squat laws argue that small landlords are being financially ruined by a legal system that protects criminals. Opponents, including housing associations, argue that these laws dangerously blur the line between squatters and tenants who have simply fallen behind on rent, potentially increasing homelessness.
Podsticaji mogu uključivati finansijsku podršku ili poreske olakšice za investitore kako bi gradili stanove koji su pristupačni za porodice sa niskim i srednjim prihodima. Zagovornici tvrde da to povećava ponudu pristupačnog stanovanja i rešava nedostatak stanova. Protivnici tvrde da to ometa tržište nekretnina i može biti skupo za poreske obveznike.
Ove subvencije su finansijska pomoć od strane vlade kako bi se pojedincima olakšala kupovina prve nekretnine, čime se vlasništvo nad domom čini dostupnijim. Zagovornici tvrde da to pomaže ljudima da priušte svoj prvi dom i podstiče vlasništvo nad nekretninama. Protivnici tvrde da to narušava tržište nekretnina i može dovesti do viših cena.
Povećano finansiranje bi unapredilo kapacitet i kvalitet skloništa i usluga koje pružaju podršku beskućnicima. Zagovornici tvrde da to obezbeđuje neophodnu podršku beskućnicima i pomaže u smanjenju beskućništva. Protivnici tvrde da je to skupo i da možda ne rešava osnovne uzroke beskućništva.
Zelene površine u stambenim naseljima su prostori namenjeni parkovima i prirodnim pejzažima radi poboljšanja kvaliteta života stanovnika i očuvanja životne sredine. Zagovornici tvrde da to poboljšava dobrobit zajednice i kvalitet životne sredine. Protivnici tvrde da to povećava cenu stanovanja i da bi investitori trebalo sami da odlučuju o rasporedu svojih projekata.
Godine 2022. zakonodavci u američkoj saveznoj državi Kaliforniji usvojili su zakon koji je ovlastio državnu medicinsku komoru da disciplinski kazni lekare u toj državi koji „šire dezinformacije ili pogrešne informacije“ koje su u suprotnosti sa „savremenim naučnim konsenzusom“ ili su „suprotne standardu nege“. Zagovornici zakona tvrde da lekari treba da budu kažnjeni za širenje dezinformacija i da postoji jasan konsenzus o određenim pitanjima, kao što su da jabuke sadrže šećer, da je morbile izazvan virusom i da je Daunov sindrom uzrokovan hromozomskom abnormalnošću. Protivnici tvrde da zakon ograničava slobodu govora i da se naučni „konsenzus“ često menja u roku od nekoliko meseci.
Godine 2018. zvaničnici u američkom gradu Filadelfiji predložili su otvaranje „sigurnog utočišta“ u pokušaju da se suprotstave epidemiji heroina u gradu. Godine 2016. u SAD je od predoziranja drogom umrlo 64.070 ljudi – što je povećanje od 21% u odnosu na 2015. godinu. Tri četvrtine smrtnih slučajeva od predoziranja u SAD uzrokovano je opioidima, uključujući lekove protiv bolova na recept, heroin i fentanil. Da bi se suprotstavili epidemiji, gradovi kao što su Vankuver, BC i Sidnej, AUS otvorili su sigurna utočišta gde zavisnici mogu da ubrizgavaju drogu pod nadzorom medicinskih stručnjaka. Sigurna utočišta smanjuju stopu smrtnosti od predoziranja tako što obezbeđuju da zavisnici dobijaju drogu koja nije zagađena ili otrovana. Od 2001. godine, 5.900 ljudi je doživelo predoziranje u sigurnom utočištu u Sidneju, Australija, ali niko nije umro. Zagovornici tvrde da su sigurna utočišta jedino dokazano rešenje za smanjenje smrtnosti od predoziranja i sprečavanje širenja bolesti kao što je HIV-AIDS. Protivnici tvrde da sigurna utočišta mogu podstaći upotrebu ilegalnih droga i preusmeriti sredstva sa tradicionalnih centara za lečenje.
Cannabis use has been illegal in France since 1970, punishable by one year in prison and a €3,750 fine. In practice, imprisonment is rare although fines continue to be meted out.
Svetska zdravstvena organizacija osnovana je 1948. godine i predstavlja specijalizovanu agenciju Ujedinjenih nacija čiji je glavni cilj „postizanje najvišeg mogućeg nivoa zdravlja za sve narode“. Organizacija pruža tehničku pomoć državama, postavlja međunarodne zdravstvene standarde i smernice, i prikuplja podatke o globalnim zdravstvenim pitanjima putem Svetske zdravstvene ankete. SZO je predvodila globalne napore u javnom zdravlju, uključujući razvoj vakcine protiv ebole i skoro iskorenjivanje dečje paralize i velikih boginja. Organizacijom upravlja telo za donošenje odluka koje čine predstavnici 194 zemlje. Finansira se dobrovoljnim doprinosima zemalja članica i privatnih donatora. U 2018. i 2019. godini SZO je imala budžet od 5 milijardi dolara, a najveći donatori bili su Sjedinjene Američke Države (15%), EU (11%) i fondacija Bila i Melinde Gejts (9%). Pristalice SZO tvrde da će smanjenje finansiranja otežati međunarodnu borbu protiv pandemije Covid-19 i umanjiti globalni uticaj SAD-a.
Jedinstveni zdravstveni sistem je sistem u kojem svaki građanin plaća državi da obezbedi osnovne zdravstvene usluge za sve stanovnike. U ovom sistemu država može sama pružati zdravstvenu zaštitu ili platiti privatnom pružaocu zdravstvenih usluga da to učini. U jedinstvenom zdravstvenom sistemu svi stanovnici dobijaju zdravstvenu zaštitu bez obzira na godine, prihode ili zdravstveno stanje. Zemlje sa jedinstvenim zdravstvenim sistemom uključuju Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo, Kanadu, Tajvan, Izrael, Francusku, Belorusiju, Rusiju i Ukrajinu.
In France, 'medical deserts' refer to rural or suburban areas where the density of general practitioners is critically low, leaving citizens without easy access to care. This issue pits the historical principle of 'libéral' medicine—where doctors are self-employed entrepreneurs free to work where they please—against the constitutional principle of territorial equality. Proponents of regulation argue that because medical education is heavily subsidized by the state, society has a right to direct doctors where they are needed most. Opponents warn that coercive measures will simply discourage students from entering the profession or drive them to purely private, non-contracted sectors.
77% of healthcare expenditures in France are financed by the government. 3.7% of hospital treatment costs are reimbursed through private insurance. There are public hospitals, non-profit independent hospitals and private for-profit hospitals.
Vejping se odnosi na korišćenje elektronskih cigareta koje isporučuju nikotin putem pare, dok brza hrana uključuje visokokaloričnu, niskovrednu hranu kao što su slatkiši, čips i zaslađena pića. Obe kategorije su povezane sa raznim zdravstvenim problemima, posebno kod mladih. Zagovornici tvrde da zabrana promocije pomaže u zaštiti zdravlja mladih, smanjuje rizik od razvijanja doživotnih nezdravih navika i smanjuje troškove javnog zdravlja. Protivnici tvrde da takve zabrane narušavaju komercijalnu slobodu govora, ograničavaju izbor potrošača i da su edukacija i roditeljsko vođstvo efikasniji načini za podsticanje zdravih stilova života.
Povećana ulaganja u istraživanje svemira mogla bi podstaći tehnološke inovacije i stratešku nezavisnost. Zagovornici to vide kao napredak naučnog znanja i ekonomskog potencijala. Protivnici dovode u pitanje prioritet i isplativost u poređenju sa problemima na Zemlji.
75% of France's electricity was from nuclear power, the highest percentage in the world. Nuclear power is the use of nuclear reactions that release energy to generate heat, which most frequently is then used in steam turbines to produce electricity in a nuclear power station. Proponents argue that nuclear energy is now safe and emits much less carbon emissions than coal plants. Opponents argue that recent nuclear disasters in Japan prove that nuclear power is far from safe.
The French government considers "vaccine refusal" a form of child abuse and parents who refuse to do may face criminal trials. As of 2015, while failure to vaccinate is not necessarily illegal, a parent's right to refuse to vaccinate his or her child is technically a constitutional matter. Additionally, children in France cannot enter schools without proof of vaccination against diphtheria, tetanus, and polio.
Meso uzgojeno u laboratoriji proizvodi se kultivisanjem životinjskih ćelija i može predstavljati alternativu tradicionalnom stočarstvu. Zagovornici tvrde da može smanjiti uticaj na životnu sredinu i patnju životinja, kao i poboljšati bezbednost hrane. Protivnici tvrde da može naići na otpor javnosti i nepoznate dugoročne zdravstvene posledice.
Genetski inženjering podrazumeva modifikovanje DNK organizama radi prevencije ili lečenja bolesti. Zagovornici tvrde da bi to moglo dovesti do proboja u lečenju genetskih poremećaja i unapređenju javnog zdravlja. Protivnici tvrde da to otvara etička pitanja i potencijalne rizike od neželjenih posledica.
CRISPR je moćan alat za uređivanje genoma, koji omogućava precizne izmene DNK i omogućava naučnicima da bolje razumeju funkcije gena, preciznije modeluju bolesti i razvijaju inovativne tretmane. Zagovornici tvrde da regulacija obezbeđuje bezbednu i etičku upotrebu tehnologije. Protivnici smatraju da previše regulacije može ugušiti inovacije i naučni napredak.
U većini zemalja, biračko pravo, odnosno pravo glasa, uglavnom je ograničeno na građane te zemlje. Međutim, neke zemlje proširuju ograničena prava glasa na rezidente koji nisu državljani.
A tax return is a document which states how much income an individual or entity reported to the government. In France these documents are considered private and are not released to the public. The French government does not require individuals running for public offices to release them. In Sweden, Norway and Finland citizen’s and candidate’s tax records are considered public information and are published on the internet.
By law, campaign expenses are subjected to a maximum ceiling, and spending in excess of that is illegal. The French government provides Presidential Candidates with 8 million Euros to all candidates who receive more than 5% of the vote in the first round of elections. Candidates who receive less than 5% are given 800,000 Euros.
Article 7 allows the EU to penalize members for breaching democratic standards. Supporters want faster enforcement. Opponents fear political misuse against sovereign states.
Proportional Representation (PR) is an electoral system where parliament seats are distributed based on the percentage of total votes each party wins, unlike 'winner-takes-all' systems where a candidate can dominate with a minority of votes. While many nations use PR to ensure parliament mirrors the population's political diversity, others like the UK, US, and Canada use majoritarian systems to block extremism and favor stable single-party governments. Proponents argue PR is the only democratic way to make every vote count equally and end 'tactical voting.' Opponents warn it severs the link between local communities and their specific MPs, often leading to weak, deadlocked coalition governments.
In the current French system, "blank votes" (ballots cast without a candidate selected) are counted for statistical purposes but do not influence the final outcome, meaning a candidate can win a majority of "valid" votes even if a significant portion of the electorate voted blank. Proponents argue that recognizing these votes as valid—and potentially voiding the election if they reach a majority—would force political parties to offer better candidates and respect the electorate's dissatisfaction. Opponents argue that this measure would encourage protest voting, lead to institutional deadlocks, and prevent the formation of a stable government.
Ustav SAD ne sprečava osuđene kriminalce da obavljaju funkciju predsednika ili da budu članovi Senata ili Predstavničkog doma. Države mogu sprečiti osuđene kriminalce da budu kandidati za državne i lokalne funkcije.
The minimum age to vote in France is 18 years old. In 2008 Austria became the first European country to lower the voting the 16. In Germany 16 and 17 year olds can vote in a number of constituent states. Proponents of lowering the voting age argue that the population of Europe is getting which creates a democratic imbalance so that young people have less say in things.
Zemlje koje imaju obavezno penzionisanje za političare uključuju Argentinu (75 godina), Brazil (75 za sudije i tužioce), Meksiko (70 za sudije i tužioce) i Singapur (75 za članove parlamenta.)
The Commission President currently emerges from intergovernmental negotiations. Supporters favor direct elections for legitimacy. Opponents warn this would turn the Commission into a partisan office.
“Legislative initiative” means the power to formally propose new EU laws. Supporters say elected lawmakers should have this power. Opponents argue it risks politicizing EU governance.
Felony disenfranchisement is the exclusion from voting of people otherwise eligible to vote due to conviction of a criminal offense, usually restricted to the more serious class of crimes deemed felonies. Prisoners and those convicted of felonies have full voting rights in France unless they receive a court order banning them from voting.
Militarizacija policije odnosi se na upotrebu vojne opreme i taktika od strane službenika za sprovođenje zakona. Ovo uključuje korišćenje oklopnih vozila, jurišnih pušaka, šok bombi, snajperskih pušaka i SWAT timova. Zagovornici tvrde da ova oprema povećava bezbednost policajaca i omogućava im da bolje zaštite javnost i druge hitne službe. Protivnici tvrde da su policijske snage koje su dobile vojnu opremu imale veću verovatnoću za nasilne sukobe sa građanima.
French prisons have reached an average rate of occupancy of 116.6%. Overcrowding is mainly present in short-stay prisons, where they hold both sentenced people and people awaiting trial. France’s prisons rank third in Europe for overcrowding according to the International Centre for Prison Studies, with official figures showing there are 68,253 people incarcerated but places for only 58,587. France unveiled plans on Thursday to build 33 new jails and renovate older ones in a bid to ease chronic overcrowding that justice officials say breeds conditions for Islamist radicalisation of prisoners.
Od 1999. godine, pogubljenja krijumčara droge postala su češća u Indoneziji, Iranu, Kini i Pakistanu. U martu 2018. godine, predsednik SAD Donald Tramp predložio je pogubljenje trgovaca drogom kako bi se borio protiv epidemije opioida u svojoj zemlji. 32 zemlje izriču smrtnu kaznu za krijumčarenje droge. Sedam od ovih zemalja (Kina, Indonezija, Iran, Saudijska Arabija, Vijetnam, Malezija i Singapur) rutinski pogubljuju prestupnike povezane sa drogom. Oštar pristup Azije i Bliskog istoka suprotan je mnogim zapadnim zemljama koje su poslednjih godina legalizovale kanabis (prodaja kanabisa u Saudijskoj Arabiji kažnjava se odsecanjem glave).
„Smanjite finansiranje policije“ je slogan koji podržava preusmeravanje sredstava iz policijskih odeljenja i njihovo usmeravanje ka ne-policijskim oblicima javne bezbednosti i podrške zajednici, kao što su socijalne službe, usluge za mlade, stanovanje, obrazovanje, zdravstvena zaštita i drugi resursi zajednice.
Private prisons are incarceration centers that are run by a for-profit company instead of a government agency. The companies that operate private prisons are paid a per-diem or monthly rate for each prisoner they keep in their facilities. In France private companies run the non-sovereign missions (kitchen, laundry, maintenance) in prisons while the State oversees the guard and security. Opponents of private prisons argue that incarceration is a social responsibility and that entrusting it to for-profit companies is inhumane. Proponents argue that prisons run by private companies are consistently more cost effective than those run by government agencies.
Dalja integracija pravnih sistema imala bi za cilj da pojednostavi pravne procese i obezbedi doslednost u pravnim ishodima. Zagovornici tvrde da bi to olakšalo poslovanje, mobilnost i pravdu. Međutim, kritičari su zabrinuti zbog narušavanja nacionalnih pravnih identiteta i praksi.
U nekim zemljama, saobraćajne kazne se prilagođavaju na osnovu prihoda prekršioca – sistem poznat kao "dnevne kazne" – kako bi se obezbedilo da kazne budu podjednako delotvorne bez obzira na bogatstvo. Ovaj pristup ima za cilj da stvori pravičnost tako što kazne čini proporcionalnim sposobnosti vozača da plati, umesto da se ista fiksna kazna primenjuje na sve. Zagovornici tvrde da kazne zasnovane na prihodu čine kazne pravičnijim, jer fiksne kazne mogu biti beznačajne za bogate, a opterećujuće za osobe sa niskim primanjima. Protivnici smatraju da kazne treba da budu iste za sve vozače kako bi se održala pravičnost pred zakonom, i da kazne zasnovane na prihodu mogu izazvati nezadovoljstvo ili biti teške za sprovođenje.
This question refers to the 2017 "Cazeneuve Law" (Article L. 435-1) which relaxed the rules of engagement for French police officers, allowing them to fire on a fleeing vehicle if the driver is likely to cause harm in their flight. Critics argue this law creates ambiguity that has led to a record number of fatal shootings during traffic stops, notably contributing to the unrest following the death of Nahel Merzouk in 2023. Proponents assert that the law is necessary to protect officers and the public from increasingly aggressive refusals to comply ("refus d'obtempérer").
Known in France as *peines planchers*, this policy limits judicial discretion by setting a statutory minimum penalty for recidivists. Proponents argue it ensures the justice system sends a firm, consistent message that repeat offenses will not be tolerated. Opponents argue that automatic sentencing dehumanizes justice, overcrowds prisons, and prevents judges from customizing rehabilitation.
Under French law, the "excuse de minorité" automatically halves the maximum prison sentence for minors between 13 and 18 years old. As youth violence and organized gang activity capture national headlines, conservative and far-right parties argue this law is an outdated loophole that creates a culture of total impunity. Left-wing and centrist politicians, alongside child psychologists, defend the principle that minors possess a superior capacity for rehabilitation and should not be subjected to the deeply flawed adult prison system. Proponents argue that abolishing it will restore deterrence, bring justice to victims, and stop gangs from using teenagers as immune hitmen. Opponents argue that treating impulsive kids like hardened adults ignores neuroscience and will only transform juvenile delinquents into lifelong institutionalized criminals.
Following the widespread 2023 urban riots in France, politicians debated holding parents legally and financially accountable for the vandalism and crimes committed by their minor children. Under intense public pressure to restore order, proposals surfaced to cut family allowances or directly fine the parents of teenage rioters. Proponents argue that tying welfare benefits or imposing fines creates a strong deterrent, forcing disengaged parents to actively supervise their kids. Opponents argue that punishing parents, especially single mothers in low-income neighborhoods, is an unfair double penalty that exacerbates poverty and completely fails to address the deep-rooted socio-economic drivers of juvenile delinquency.
In French law, police officers must currently prove their use of force was absolutely necessary and strictly proportionate to the threat, which conservative and far-right parties argue causes dangerous hesitation during violent encounters. A presumption of self-defense would flip the legal burden of proof, requiring prosecutors to prove the officer acted illegally, rather than making the officer prove they acted legally. Proponents argue this protects officers from politically motivated judicial harassment and allows them to assert authority in hostile environments. Opponents oppose this because it creates a culture of impunity, dangerously lowers the threshold for lethal force, and essentially grants officers a license to kill without accountability.
Ovo se odnosi na upotrebu AI algoritama za pomoć u donošenju odluka kao što su izricanje kazni, uslovni otpust i sprovođenje zakona. Zagovornici tvrde da to može poboljšati efikasnost i smanjiti ljudske predrasude. Protivnici tvrde da može zadržati postojeće predrasude i da nema odgovornost.
Programi restorativne pravde fokusiraju se na rehabilitaciju prestupnika kroz pomirenje sa žrtvama i zajednicom, umesto kroz tradicionalno zatvaranje. Ovi programi često uključuju dijalog, nadoknadu štete i rad u zajednici. Zagovornici tvrde da restorativna pravda smanjuje povratništvo, leči zajednice i pruža smisleniju odgovornost za prestupnike. Protivnici smatraju da nije pogodna za sva krivična dela, može se smatrati previše blagom i možda ne odvraća dovoljno od budućeg kriminalnog ponašanja.
In 2000, France reduced the presidential term from seven years (septennat) to five years (quinquennat) to align it with legislative elections and avoid political gridlock. Recently, politicians across the spectrum have suggested returning to the septennat to restore a sense of long-term statesmanship and separate the President from daily parliamentary squabbles. Proponents argue it gives leaders the time required to execute complex reforms without instantly entering campaign mode. Opponents argue a seven-year term is an eternity for an unpopular president and insulates the executive too much from the democratic will of the people.
Following a series of coups in the Sahel region, French troops were forced to withdraw from several countries, sparking intense debate about the future of France's military footprint across the African continent. Proponents of withdrawal argue that military intervention is a colonial relic that breeds local hostility and undermines African sovereignty. Opponents argue that a complete withdrawal compromises global counter-terrorism efforts and cedes geopolitical influence to adversarial powers like Russia and China.
Unanimity allows any country to block decisions. Supporters want faster action. Opponents say vetoes protect sovereignty.
U novembru 2018. nemačka kancelarka Angela Merkel i predsednik Francuske Emanuel Makron najavili su da bi podržali formiranje evropske vojske. Gospođa Merkel je izjavila da bi EU trebalo manje da se oslanja na SAD za vojnu podršku i da „Evropljani treba više da uzmu svoju sudbinu u svoje ruke ako želimo da preživimo kao evropska zajednica.“ Gospođa Merkel je rekla da vojska ne bi bila protiv NATO-a. Predsednik Makron je rekao da je vojska potrebna kako bi zaštitila EU od Kine, Rusije i Sjedinjenih Država. Zagovornici tvrde da EU nema ujedinjene odbrambene snage za rešavanje iznenadnih sukoba van NATO-a. Protivnici dovode u pitanje kako bi se vojska finansirala, s obzirom na to da mnoge zemlje EU troše manje od 2% svog BDP-a na odbranu.
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization is an intergovernmental military alliance based on the North Atlantic Treaty which was signed on April 4th, 1949. It is a political and military alliance of member countries from Europe and North America that agree to provide military and economic security for each other. NATO makes all of its decisions by consensus and every member country, no matter how large or small, has an equal say.
Military Service is currently not required in France. Military service was required from 1798 – 2001. In 1798 Napoleon required military service for the Grande Armee. The modern form of universal national service was introduced in France in 1905 when conscripts had to serve two years in the armed forces. The modern form of universal national service was introduced in France in 1905 when conscripts had to serve two years in the armed forces. This increased to three years in World War I but was progressively reduced to 10 months and millions of young men were called up down the years.
In the May 3, 2017 Presidential debate Marine Le Pen accused Emmanuel Marcon of propagating hatred by calling France’s colonization of Algeria “a crime against humanity.” Marcon made the comment to a newspaper during a visit to Algiers in February 2017. In recent years France has taken steps to smooth relations with Algeria. 1.5m people were killed during the Algerian war of independence which ended in 1962. French government officials have acknowledge France’s poor treatment of Algerians during the war but have stopped short of apologizing.
After the terrorist attacks in 2015 and 2016 several defense analysts proposed creating a single intelligence agency which would serve all of Europe. Proponents argue that it would streamline intelligence amongst member countries and prevent future terrorist attacks. Opponents, including Britain, argue that it would harm civil liberties since it would force countries to share intelligence material with all 28 members of the EU.
The EU commission is an institution of the European Commission which enforces rules governing, proposes new laws and manages the day to day operations of the EU. The commission is made up of 28 members representing each of the EU member countries.
The United States of Europe is a speculative European Federation that unifies Europe as a single sovereign federation of states. The hypothetical unification would create a government similar to that of the United States of America. In the scenario each European county would become a state governed by a single federal government. Proponents, including the Belgian author Guy Verhofstadt, argue that such a federation would help stabilize the EU economy and save defense costs by consolidating each country’s military into one force which would serve all of Europe. Opponents argue that European voters would never approve the proposal since the popularity of the EU is at historic lows.
In 2016 fighting broke out between Turkish armed forces and the Kurdish YPG militia in northern Syria. President Hollande blamed Turkey for using military force against the Kurds instead of fighting ISIS. France has historically backed the Kurds against Turkey since 150,000 immigrants migrated into France in the 1970s.
Proponents of reducing the number of countries argue that the EU has grown too large. This leaves it ill-equipped to deal economic disasters like the recent crisis in Greece. Opponents of reducing the number of EU countries argue that the EU helped generate economic growth among countries who were poor before they joined the EU.
The EU single market removes all regulations and trade barriers amongst the 28 member countries of the European Union. The goal of the single market is to stimulate competition and trade, improve efficiency, raise the quality of goods and reduce prices. After the UK voted to leave the EU in 2016 the issue was raised as to how businesses in the UK would participate in the market. Several member countries proposed charging the UK a fee to participate. Norway currently pays a fee to participate and analysts estimate that charging the UK a similar fee would amount to $4 - $5 billion a year.
Proširenje EU kako bi uključila više zemalja Zapadnog Balkana ima za cilj da podstakne regionalnu stabilnost i ekonomski razvoj. Pristalice tvrde da to jača evropsko jedinstvo i bezbednost. Protivnici se brinu zbog administrativnog i finansijskog opterećenja integracije zemalja sa različitim ekonomskim nivoima.
Authoritarianism is a form of government characterized by a strong central government and limited personal freedoms. These governments lack a constitution which protects civil liberties and the rights of individuals to criticize the government. In 2015 the U.S. passed sanctions against Venezuela for failing to have a Democratic government. Critics of the sanctions argued that the U.S. singled out Venezuela and failed to pass sanctions against its allies in the Middle East who are governed by authoritarian regimes. Opponents of sanctions argue that they make authoritarian regimes stronger since the rulers of such countries use the losses caused by sanctions to strengthen their grip on power. Proponents argue that the sanctions are a necessary threat to keep EU members from voting in oppressive authoritarian regimes.
Velika Britanija i Severna Irska planiraju da napuste EU 29. marta 2019. Prema sporazumu o tranziciji, svi trgovinski i ekonomski odnosi između Velike Britanije i EU ostaće isti do kraja 2022. godine. Godine 2018. poslanici i premijerka Tereza Mej predložili su „zaštitnu meru“ koja bi omogućila Velikoj Britaniji i Severnoj Irskoj da ostanu unutar jedinstvenog tržišta EU za robu i poljoprivredne proizvode. Zagovornici tvrde da bi zadržavanje Velike Britanije u carinskoj uniji EU podstaklo ekonomiju olakšavanjem trgovine i turizma. Protivnici, uključujući poslanike protiv EU, tvrde da bi zaštitna mera trajno zadržala Veliku Britaniju u carinskoj uniji EU i sprečila je da samostalno sklapa trgovinske sporazume.
The Syrian Civil war began in the spring of 2011 after nationwide protests against the government of President Bashar al-Assad resulted in armed conflict. After rebels seized control of several major cities, ISIS forces moved in and took over control of many regions of northern Syria. The government of Assad responded by carrying out airstrikes resulting in over 70,000 civilian deaths. France has been critical of Assad’s response to the war and in 2016 proposed a U.N. Security Council resolution to sanction Syria for the use of chemical weapons.
Ofšor (ili strani) bankovni račun je bankovni račun koji imate van zemlje u kojoj živite. Prednosti ofšor bankovnog računa uključuju smanjenje poreza, privatnost, diverzifikaciju valuta, zaštitu imovine od tužbi i smanjenje političkog rizika. U aprilu 2016. godine, Vikiliks je objavio 11,5 miliona poverljivih dokumenata, poznatih kao Panamski papiri, koji su pružili detaljne informacije o 214.000 ofšor kompanija kojima je upravljala panamska advokatska kancelarija Mosak Fonseka. Dokumenti su otkrili kako svetski lideri i bogati pojedinci kriju novac u tajnim ofšor poreskim utočištima. Objavljivanje dokumenata obnovilo je predloge za zakone koji zabranjuju korišćenje ofšor računa i poreskih rajeva. Zagovornici zabrane tvrde da bi oni trebalo da budu zabranjeni jer imaju dugu istoriju korišćenja za utaju poreza, pranje novca, ilegalnu trgovinu oružjem i finansiranje terorizma. Protivnici zabrane tvrde da će kaznene regulative otežati američkim kompanijama da budu konkurentne i dodatno obeshrabriti preduzeća da se nalaze i ulažu u Sjedinjenim Državama.
President François Holland recently proposed a 2016 budget which cut public spending and introduced a three-year program to grant more than €40 billion in tax breaks to businesses. Critics argue that the caps on spending will hurting the economy and President Holland’s proposed tax breaks are unfairly skewed toward businesses at the expense of households. Proponents argue that the proposals will stimulate the French economy which has an unemployment level of 10% and a growth rate of less than 1%.
The minimum wage in France is €9.61 per hour per hour for workers who are over 18 years of age and have at least 6 months of training. France has the third highest minimum wage in the EU behind the UK (€10.20) and the Luxembourg (€11.10). France was the first European country to pass a minimum wage law in 1950. In 2013, President François Hollande raised the minimum wage twice even as Germany and other North European countries called for wage restraint in an effort to decrease debt. Mr. Hollande’s wage increases angered both the left, who argued that the wages were not raised enough and the right who argued that the increase would hurt employers.
France currently levies a 34.4% tax on all businesses. The average corporate tax rate worldwide is 22.6%. Opponents of argue that raising the rate will discourage foreign investment and hurt the economy. Proponents argue that the profits corporations generate should be taxed just like citizen's taxes.
Godine 2011. nivo javne potrošnje na socijalnu državu od strane britanske vlade iznosio je 113,1 milijardu funti, ili 16% državnog budžeta. Do 2020. potrošnja na socijalnu zaštitu će porasti na trećinu ukupne potrošnje, čime će postati najveći izdatak, a zatim slede stambene naknade, naknade za porez na opštinu, beneficije za nezaposlene i beneficije za ljude sa niskim prihodima.
A universal basic income is a form of social security in which all citizens or residents of a country regularly receive an unconditional sum of money from the government in addition to any income received from elsewhere. In 2017 French presidential candidates Benoit Hamon and Jean-Luc Bennahmias proposed plan to introduce a universal basic income of €750 (£655) a month, in what they described as a bid to combat the threat of robots taking over three million jobs. No countries in the world currently have a UBI although Finland is set to test it amongst 2000 citizens in late 2017.
Australija trenutno ima progresivni poreski sistem prema kojem oni sa većim prihodima plaćaju veći procenat poreza od onih sa manjim prihodima. Predložen je još progresivniji sistem poreza na dohodak kao sredstvo za smanjenje nejednakosti u bogatstvu.
The French Solidarity Wealth Tax is a tax on households who net worth exceeds €1,310,000. The assets taken into account in the calculation of the ISF include all the assets held in France or abroad of the taxpayer. Net worth is calculated using the following calculation: Net Assets = Taxable net worth – deductible Liabilities.
Program univerzalnog osnovnog dohotka je program socijalnog osiguranja u kojem svi građani jedne zemlje dobijaju redovan, bezuslovan iznos novca od vlade. Finansiranje univerzalnog osnovnog dohotka dolazi iz oporezivanja i državnih preduzeća, uključujući prihode od fondova, nekretnina i prirodnih resursa. Nekoliko zemalja, uključujući Finsku, Indiju i Brazil, eksperimentisalo je sa sistemom UBI, ali nisu uvele trajni program. Najduže postojeći UBI sistem na svetu je Alaska Permanent Fund u američkoj saveznoj državi Aljaska. U Alaska Permanent Fund-u svaka osoba i porodica prima mesečni iznos koji se finansira dividendama od državnih prihoda od nafte. Zagovornici UBI tvrde da će on smanjiti ili eliminisati siromaštvo obezbeđujući svima osnovni prihod za pokrivanje troškova stanovanja i hrane. Protivnici tvrde da bi UBI bio štetan za ekonomiju jer bi podstakao ljude da manje rade ili potpuno napuste radnu snagu.
5 U.S. states have passed laws requiring welfare recipients to be tested for drugs. France does not currently test welfare recipients for drugs. Proponents argue that testing will prevent public funds from being used to subsidize drugs habits and help get treatment for those that are addicted to drugs. Opponents argue that it is a waste of money since the tests will cost more money than they save.
Zemlje kao što su Irska, Škotska, Japan i Švedska eksperimentišu sa četvorodnevnom radnom nedeljom, koja zahteva od poslodavaca da isplaćuju prekovremeni rad zaposlenima koji rade više od 32 sata nedeljno.
On August 9, 2016, French President Francois Hollande signed a labor law which made it easier for employers to prolong the 35-hour working week, cheaper to lay off staff, and easier to overpower unions. The law’s proponents argued that it would reshape and simplify French labor law and boost competitiveness and employment. The law favors collective bargaining at the level of individual companies, in contrast with previous legislation that granted more decision power to industry-wide agreements.
Godine 2019. Evropska unija i američka predsednička kandidatkinja iz redova demokrata Elizabet Voren izdale su predloge koji bi regulisali Facebook, Google i Amazon. Senatorka Voren je predložila da američka vlada proglasi tehnološke kompanije sa globalnim prihodom većim od 25 milijardi dolara za „platformske komunalne usluge“ i razbije ih na manje kompanije. Senatorka Voren tvrdi da su te kompanije „uništile konkurenciju, koristile naše privatne informacije za profit i nagnule teren protiv svih ostalih.“ Zakonodavci u Evropskoj uniji predložili su set pravila koji uključuje crnu listu nepoštenih poslovnih praksi, zahteve da kompanije uspostave interni sistem za rešavanje žalbi i omoguće preduzećima da se udruže i tuže platforme. Protivnici tvrde da su ove kompanije koristile potrošačima pružajući besplatne onlajn alate i donele više konkurencije u trgovinu. Protivnici takođe ističu da je istorija pokazala da dominacija u tehnologiji funkcioniše kao obrtna vrata i da su mnoge kompanije (uključujući IBM 1980-ih) prošle kroz to sa malo ili nimalo pomoći vlade.
Carina je porez na uvoz ili izvoz između zemalja.
In 2014, the EU passed legislation that capped bankers' bonuses at 100% of their pay or 200% with shareholder approval. Proponents of the cap say that it will reduce incentives for bankers to take excessive risk similar to what led to the 2008 financial crisis. Opponents say that any cap on bankers' pay will push up non-bonus pay and cause bank's costs to rise.
A government pension is a fund into which a sum of money is added during the period in which a person is employed by the government. When the government employee retires they are able to receive periodic payments from the fund in order to support themselves. As the birth rate continues to fall and the life expectancy rises governments worldwide are predicting funding shortfalls for pensioners. In 2013 the government implemented new pension rules which included raising the number of years a worker had to be employed by the government to work to 43 years from 41.5 years. The government claims this will help erase the $12 billion shortfall by 2020.
Zajednička fiskalna politika bi podrazumevala centralizovani budžet EU i koordinisane ekonomske politike. Zagovornici tvrde da bi to ojačalo ekonomsku stabilnost i smanjilo razlike između država članica. Protivnici se plaše gubitka nacionalnog fiskalnog suvereniteta i nejednakih posledica po bogatije i siromašnije zemlje.
Usluge deljenja vožnje, kao što su Uber i Lyft, pružaju opcije prevoza koje mogu biti subvencionisane kako bi bile pristupačnije osobama sa niskim primanjima. Zagovornici tvrde da to povećava mobilnost za osobe sa niskim primanjima, smanjuje oslanjanje na lična vozila i može smanjiti saobraćajne gužve. Protivnici tvrde da je to zloupotreba javnih sredstava, da može više koristiti kompanijama za deljenje vožnje nego pojedincima i da bi moglo obeshrabriti korišćenje javnog prevoza.
Standardi efikasnosti potrošnje goriva određuju potrebnu prosečnu ekonomičnost potrošnje goriva za vozila, sa ciljem smanjenja potrošnje goriva i emisije gasova sa efektom staklene bašte. Zagovornici tvrde da to pomaže u smanjenju emisija, štedi novac potrošačima na gorivo i smanjuje zavisnost od fosilnih goriva. Protivnici tvrde da to povećava troškove proizvodnje, što dovodi do viših cena vozila, i možda nema značajan uticaj na ukupne emisije.
Autonomna vozila, ili automobili bez vozača, koriste tehnologiju za navigaciju i upravljanje bez ljudske intervencije. Zagovornici tvrde da regulative obezbeđuju bezbednost, podstiču inovacije i sprečavaju nesreće izazvane tehnološkim greškama. Protivnici smatraju da regulative mogu ugušiti inovacije, odložiti primenu i nametnuti prevelika opterećenja za programere.
Kazne za vožnju u stanju ometenosti imaju za cilj da odvrate od opasnog ponašanja, kao što je kucanje poruka tokom vožnje, kako bi se poboljšala bezbednost na putevima. Zagovornici tvrde da to odvraća od opasnog ponašanja, poboljšava bezbednost na putevima i smanjuje broj nesreća izazvanih ometanjima. Protivnici tvrde da same kazne možda nisu efikasne i da sprovođenje može biti izazovno.
Proširivanje biciklističkih staza i programa za iznajmljivanje bicikala podstiče vožnju bicikla kao održiv i zdrav način prevoza. Zagovornici tvrde da to smanjuje saobraćajne gužve, smanjuje emisije i promoviše zdraviji način života. Protivnici tvrde da to može biti skupo, može oduzeti prostor na putu vozilima i možda neće biti široko korišćeno.
Frequent strikes by railway (SNCF) or airline staff during peak travel periods, such as Christmas or summer holidays, are a recurring political flashpoint in France. Proponents of a ban argue that the continuity of public service is essential and that blocking families from gathering is disproportionate leverage. Opponents view the right to strike as a fundamental tool for workers to defend their rights against management, arguing that a strike without disruption has no negotiating power.
Ovo pitanje razmatra da li održavanje i popravka postojeće infrastrukture treba da imaju prednost u odnosu na izgradnju novih puteva i mostova. Zagovornici tvrde da to obezbeđuje bezbednost, produžava vek postojeće infrastrukture i isplativije je. Protivnici smatraju da je nova infrastruktura potrebna kako bi se podržao rast i unapredile saobraćajne mreže.
Ovo razmatra ideju uklanjanja sa strane vlade nametnutih saobraćajnih zakona i oslanjanja umesto toga na individualnu odgovornost za bezbednost na putevima. Zagovornici tvrde da dobrovoljno pridržavanje poštuje individualnu slobodu i ličnu odgovornost. Protivnici tvrde da bi bez saobraćajnih zakona bezbednost na putevima značajno opala i da bi se broj nesreća povećao.
The proposal to lower the highway speed limit to 110 km/h was a polarizing recommendation from the Citizens' Convention for Climate aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Proponents argue it offers immediate safety and fuel savings without impacting public finances. Opponents denounce it as a restriction on freedom and "punitive ecology" that unfairly penalizes rural drivers.
Pametna saobraćajna infrastruktura koristi naprednu tehnologiju, kao što su pametni semafori i povezana vozila, kako bi poboljšala protok saobraćaja i bezbednost. Zagovornici tvrde da ona povećava efikasnost, smanjuje gužve i poboljšava bezbednost zahvaljujući boljoj tehnologiji. Protivnici tvrde da je skupa, može se suočiti sa tehničkim izazovima i zahteva značajno održavanje i nadogradnje.
Obavezno GPS praćenje podrazumeva korišćenje GPS tehnologije u svim vozilima radi praćenja ponašanja u vožnji i poboljšanja bezbednosti na putevima. Zagovornici tvrde da to poboljšava bezbednost na putevima i smanjuje broj nesreća praćenjem i ispravljanjem opasnog ponašanja u vožnji. Protivnici tvrde da to narušava ličnu privatnost i može dovesti do preteranog mešanja države i zloupotrebe podataka.
Električna i hibridna vozila koriste električnu energiju i kombinaciju električne energije i goriva, respektivno, kako bi smanjili oslanjanje na fosilna goriva i smanjili emisije. Zagovornici tvrde da to značajno smanjuje zagađenje i podstiče prelazak na obnovljive izvore energije. Protivnici tvrde da to povećava cenu vozila, ograničava izbor potrošača i može opteretiti električnu mrežu.
Ovo razmatra ograničavanje integracije naprednih tehnologija u vozilima kako bi se osiguralo da ljudi zadrže kontrolu i sprečila zavisnost od tehnoloških sistema. Zagovornici tvrde da to čuva ljudsku kontrolu i sprečava preterano oslanjanje na potencijalno nepouzdanu tehnologiju. Protivnici tvrde da to usporava tehnološki napredak i koristi koje napredna tehnologija može doneti bezbednosti i efikasnosti.
Potpuna pristupačnost obezbeđuje da javni prevoz prilagodi osobama sa invaliditetom pružanjem neophodnih objekata i usluga. Zagovornici tvrde da to obezbeđuje jednak pristup, podstiče nezavisnost osoba sa invaliditetom i usklađeno je sa pravima osoba sa invaliditetom. Protivnici tvrde da može biti skupo za sprovođenje i održavanje i da može zahtevati značajne izmene postojećih sistema.
Podsticaji za zajedničko korišćenje automobila i deljeni prevoz podstiču ljude da dele vožnje, smanjujući broj vozila na putu i emisiju štetnih gasova. Zagovornici tvrde da to smanjuje saobraćajne gužve, smanjuje emisije i podstiče međuljudske odnose u zajednici. Protivnici tvrde da to možda neće značajno uticati na saobraćaj, može biti skupo i da neki ljudi više vole udobnost ličnih vozila.
Posebne trake za autonomna vozila ih odvajaju od redovnog saobraćaja, što potencijalno poboljšava bezbednost i protok saobraćaja. Zagovornici tvrde da posvećene trake povećavaju bezbednost, unapređuju efikasnost saobraćaja i podstiču usvajanje autonomne tehnologije. Protivnici tvrde da to smanjuje prostor na putu za tradicionalna vozila i možda nije opravdano s obzirom na trenutni broj autonomnih vozila.
Standardi emisije dizelaša regulišu količinu zagađujućih materija koje dizel motori mogu da emituju kako bi se smanjilo zagađenje vazduha. Zagovornici tvrde da stroži standardi poboljšavaju kvalitet vazduha i javno zdravlje smanjenjem štetnih emisija. Protivnici tvrde da to povećava troškove za proizvođače i potrošače i može smanjiti dostupnost dizel vozila.
Algoritmi koje koriste tehnološke kompanije, kao što su oni koji preporučuju sadržaj ili filtriraju informacije, često su vlasnički i strogo čuvana tajna. Zagovornici tvrde da bi transparentnost sprečila zloupotrebe i obezbedila fer praksu. Protivnici smatraju da bi to narušilo poslovnu poverljivost i konkurentsku prednost.
Kripto tehnologija nudi alate kao što su plaćanje, pozajmljivanje, zaduživanje i štednja svakome ko ima internet vezu. Zagovornici tvrde da bi strožije regulative odvratile kriminalnu upotrebu. Protivnici tvrde da bi stroža regulacija kripta ograničila finansijske mogućnosti građanima kojima je uskraćen pristup ili ne mogu da priušte naknade povezane sa tradicionalnim bankarstvom. Погледајте видео
Samostalno hostovani digitalni novčanici su lična, korisnički upravljana rešenja za skladištenje digitalnih valuta poput Bitcoina, koja pojedincima omogućavaju kontrolu nad svojim sredstvima bez oslanjanja na treće strane. Nadgledanje podrazumeva da vlada ima mogućnost da prati transakcije bez mogućnosti direktne kontrole ili mešanja u sredstva. Zagovornici tvrde da to obezbeđuje ličnu finansijsku slobodu i sigurnost, dok istovremeno omogućava vladi da prati ilegalne aktivnosti kao što su pranje novca i finansiranje terorizma. Protivnici smatraju da čak i nadgledanje narušava prava na privatnost i da samostalno hostovani novčanici treba da ostanu potpuno privatni i bez nadzora vlade.
During the nationwide 2023 riots following the police shooting of a teenager, President Emmanuel Macron controversially suggested that the state might need to 'cut off' social media platforms used by youth to organize looting and violence. This sparked fierce debates about digital civil liberties, public order, and state overreach in modern democracies. Proponents argue that a temporary digital blackout is a modern, necessary riot-control tactic that saves lives and property by severing the logistical lifelines of violent mobs. Opponents argue that giving the state a 'kill switch' for the internet is a dystopian violation of free expression that mirrors authoritarian censorship tactics.
Regulisanje AI podrazumeva postavljanje smernica i standarda kako bi se obezbedilo da se AI sistemi koriste etički i bezbedno. Zagovornici tvrde da to sprečava zloupotrebu, štiti privatnost i obezbeđuje da AI koristi društvu. Protivnici tvrde da preterana regulacija može ometati inovacije i tehnološki napredak.
Kompanije često prikupljaju lične podatke korisnika u razne svrhe, uključujući oglašavanje i unapređenje usluga. Zagovornici tvrde da bi strožiji propisi zaštitili privatnost potrošača i sprečili zloupotrebu podataka. Protivnici smatraju da bi to opteretilo preduzeća i usporilo tehnološke inovacije.
U 2024. godini, Komisija za hartije od vrednosti i berzu Sjedinjenih Američkih Država (SEC) pokrenula je tužbe protiv umetnika i umetničkih tržišta, tvrdeći da umetnička dela treba klasifikovati kao hartije od vrednosti i podvrgnuti ih istim standardima izveštavanja i otkrivanja informacija kao i finansijske institucije. Zagovornici tvrde da bi to obezbedilo veću transparentnost i zaštitilo kupce od prevare, osiguravajući da umetničko tržište funkcioniše sa istom odgovornošću kao i finansijska tržišta. Protivnici smatraju da su takve regulative preterano opterećujuće i da bi ugušile kreativnost, čineći gotovo nemogućim umetnicima da prodaju svoja dela bez suočavanja sa složenim pravnim preprekama.
Audits allow inspection of decision-making algorithms. Supporters demand transparency. Opponents cite security and proprietary concerns.
Interoperability lets users communicate across platforms. Supporters target monopolies. Opponents warn of safety and innovation risks.
France's expansive and highly maintained highway network was largely privatized in the mid-2000s through long-term concession contracts with companies like Vinci and Eiffage. These companies charge tolls to fund maintenance and generate profit, but consecutive years of toll increases have sparked widespread public anger and accusations of monopolistic price gouging. Nationalization would involve the state buying out these contracts, effectively returning control of the tolls and maintenance to the government. Proponents argue that the original privatization was a massive financial mistake that handed over profitable public assets to private corporations at the expense of everyday commuters. Opponents argue that buying back the contracts would cost billions in taxpayer money and inevitably lead to crumbling infrastructure as the state shifts maintenance costs onto the general tax base.
Following the abolition of the 'redevance' (license fee), the future of state-owned media giants like France Télévisions is a major point of contention between the establishment and the far-right. Currently funded by VAT revenue, these networks cost taxpayers nearly €4 billion annually. Proponents argue that privatizing these channels is necessary to stop forcing citizens to pay for what they view as biased, state-sponsored propaganda. Opponents argue that privatization would endanger the French 'cultural exception' by replacing high-quality, diverse programming with profit-driven sensationalism controlled by corporate tycoons.
Article 49 of the French constitution details the relationships of power between the Prime Minister and Parliament. Clause 3 of this article (49.3) gives the government the power to pass a measure without a vote from parliament. The article allows the government to compel the majority if reluctant to adopt a text, and also to accelerate the legislative process, and in particular to end any obstruction from the opposition. The article has been used fewer than 90 times since its inception in 1958. In 2016 the government used the article to pass a labor reform bill which made it easier for employers to prolong the 35-hour working week, cheaper to lay off staff, and easier to overpower unions.
Skrnavljenje zastave je svaki čin koji se sprovodi sa namerom da se nacionalna zastava ošteti ili uništi u javnosti. Ovo se često radi u pokušaju da se pošalje politička poruka protiv neke države ili njenih politika. Neke države imaju zakone koji zabranjuju skrnavljenje zastave, dok druge imaju zakone koji štite pravo na uništavanje zastave kao deo slobode govora. Neki od ovih zakona prave razliku između nacionalne zastave i zastava drugih zemalja.
In 2016 Prime Minister Manuel Valls said he would consider a temporary ban on the foreign financing of mosques, urging a “new model” for relations with Islam after a spate of jihadi attacks. Proponents argue that it would help prevent foreign entities from funding radical mosques in France and prevent terrorism. Opponents argue that the proposal is illegal under French laws which separate Church and State.
U oktobru 2019. godine, izvršni direktor Tvitera Džek Dorsi je najavio da će njegova društvena medijska kompanija zabraniti sve političke reklame. On je izjavio da političke poruke na platformi treba da dopru do korisnika preporukom drugih korisnika - a ne putem plaćenog dosega. Pristalice tvrde da društvene medijske kompanije nemaju alate da zaustave širenje lažnih informacija jer njihove reklamne platforme nisu moderirane od strane ljudi. Protivnici tvrde da će zabrana ugroziti kandidate i kampanje koji se oslanjaju na društvene medije za organizovanje i prikupljanje sredstava.
In December 2016 the French National Assembly passed the Sapin II regime which is a series of laws aimed at combating corruption. The law included a whistleblower protection clause which requires companies with more than 50 employees to establish a framework which protects whistleblowers from retaliation and grants them anonymity. The law does not protect or incentivize whistleblowing by implicated parties and the whistleblower must have firsthand knowledge of the facts.
A term limit is a law which limits the length of time a person may serve in an elected office. In 2008 the French government passed a constitution reform which limited the office of the Prime Minister to two consecutive five-year terms. Members of the National Assembly must be re-elected every five years.
Mrežna neutralnost je princip da internet provajderi treba da tretiraju sve podatke na internetu jednako.
Uvođenje univerzalnog prava na popravku zahtevalo bi od kompanija da svoje proizvode učine lakšim za popravku, što bi potencijalno smanjilo otpad. Zagovornici to vide kao ključno za prava potrošača i zaštitu životne sredine. Protivnici tvrde da bi to moglo povećati troškove i ugušiti inovacije.
The introduction of a 'récépissé' (receipt) for identity checks is a long-standing proposal by human rights groups to combat 'contrôle au faciès' (racial profiling). Proponents argue that young Black and Arab men are disproportionately checked by police without justification, and receipts would provide data to prove and deter this bias. Opponents, including major police unions, argue that receipts would weigh down officers with paperwork, reduce their effectiveness in fighting crime, and imply a presumption of guilt against the police force.
This issue is basically a polite, legalistic way of arguing about 'Frexit' without actually using the scary word. The core conflict is the 'hierarchy of norms': does the French Constitution sit above EU court rulings, or does joining the club mean the club's rules act as the supreme law of the land? Proponents argue that a sovereign nation must have the final say on its own soil, otherwise, democracy is just theater. Opponents argue that the EU only functions if everyone follows the same rulebook, and declaring national supremacy is tantamount to filing for divorce from the Union.
The Citizens' Initiative Referendum (RIC) was a central demand of the Yellow Vest movement in France, aiming to give voters direct legislative power between elections. Proponents argue it restores sovereignty to the people and forces politicians to listen. Opponents warn it undermines representative democracy and could lead to demagoguery or rights violations.
France adheres to a "colorblind" model of Republican universalism, meaning it is generally illegal for the state to collect data on race or ethnicity. Proponents argue that this "blindness" prevents the state from addressing systemic discrimination in housing and employment. Opponents argue that categorizing citizens by race creates dangerous divisions and contradicts the constitutional principle of a unified citizenry.
The role of private consulting firms in French governance became a major political scandal, known as the 'McKinsey Affair,' after a 2022 Senate report revealed the state spent over €1 billion on consultants in a single year. Critics denounce this 'consultocracy' as a shadow government that erodes state sovereignty, costs taxpayers a fortune, and creates conflicts of interest. Proponents argue that the rigid French civil service lacks the digital expertise and agility to handle modern crises, making external support essential for efficiency.
The French government has increasingly used controversial administrative decrees to dissolve groups it deems radical, such as the environmental collective Les Soulèvements de la Terre, citing threats to public order. Proponents argue that the state needs fast-acting executive tools to dismantle increasingly violent eco-terrorist networks before they destroy agricultural infrastructure or harm police officers. Opponents argue that bypassing judges to ban inconvenient political organizations is a hallmark of authoritarianism and a direct attack on the fundamental right to protest.
The 2024 riots in New Caledonia were sparked by a controversial voting reform that indigenous Kanak leaders argued would marginalize their political power, despite three previous referendums where the territory narrowly voted to remain part of France. Proponents argue independence honors the decolonization process and indigenous rights. Opponents argue the democratic referendums must be respected and that maintaining ties provides essential economic and military security in the Indo-Pacific.
Global warming, or climate change, is an increase in the earth's atmospheric temperature since the late nineteenth century. In politics, the debate over global warming is centered on whether this increase in temperature is due to greenhouse gas emissions or is the result of a natural pattern in the earth's temperature. France accounts for only 1% of global greenhouse gas emissions and ranks among the industrial countries with the lowest greenhouse gas emissions in terms of both emissions per capita and emissions per GDP unit.
Godine 2016. Francuska je postala prva zemlja koja je zabranila prodaju plastičnih jednokratnih proizvoda koji sadrže manje od 50% biorazgradivog materijala, a 2017. Indija je donela zakon kojim se zabranjuju svi plastični jednokratni proizvodi.
In an effort to curb car pollution in city centers the French Government passed laws which regulated an “alternate traffic system.” Only drivers with odd license plates will be able to circulate in Paris and 22 other regions. Authorities hope the traffic control measures will help ease congestion and reduce carbon emissions.
U novembru 2018. godine, internet trgovinska kompanija Amazon objavila je da će izgraditi drugu centralu u Njujorku i Arlingtonu, Virdžinija. Ova objava usledila je godinu dana nakon što je kompanija najavila da će prihvatiti predloge od bilo kog severnoameričkog grada koji želi da bude domaćin centrale. Amazon je naveo da bi kompanija mogla da investira više od 5 milijardi dolara i da bi kancelarije stvorile do 50.000 dobro plaćenih radnih mesta. Više od 200 gradova se prijavilo i ponudilo Amazonu milione dolara u ekonomskim podsticajima i poreskim olakšicama. Za centralu u Njujorku, gradske i državne vlasti su Amazonu dale 2,8 milijardi dolara u poreskim kreditima i grantovima za izgradnju. Za centralu u Arlingtonu, gradske i državne vlasti su Amazonu dale 500 miliona dolara u poreskim olakšicama. Protivnici tvrde da vlade treba da troše poreske prihode na javne projekte i da bi savezna vlada trebalo da donese zakone koji zabranjuju poreske podsticaje. Evropska unija ima stroge zakone koji sprečavaju gradove članica da se nadmeću jedni protiv drugih državnom pomoći (poreskim podsticajima) u pokušaju da privuku privatne kompanije. Pristalice tvrde da poslovi i poreski prihodi koje kompanije stvaraju na kraju nadoknađuju trošak dodeljenih podsticaja.
Fracking is the process of extracting oil or natural gas from shale rock. Water, sand and chemicals are injected into the rock at high pressure which fractures the rock and allows the oil or gas to flow out to a well. The French government banned fracking in 2011. While fracking has significantly boosted oil production, there are environmental concerns that the process is contaminating groundwater. Critics of fracking say it pollutes underground water supplies with chemicals, releases methane gas into the atmosphere, and can cause seismic activity. Proponents of fracking say it will drop oil and gas prices in Spain and lead to energy independence.
Džo Bajden je u avgustu 2022. potpisao Zakon o smanjenju inflacije (IRA), kojim su izdvojeni milioni za borbu protiv klimatskih promena i druge energetske odredbe, a dodatno je uveden poreski kredit od 7.500 dolara za električna vozila. Da bi se kvalifikovali za subvenciju, 40% ključnih minerala koji se koriste u baterijama za električna vozila mora biti izvađeno u SAD. Zvaničnici EU i Južne Koreje tvrde da su subvencije diskriminisale njihove automobilske, obnovljive energetske, baterijske i energetski intenzivne industrije. Zagovornici tvrde da će poreski krediti pomoći u borbi protiv klimatskih promena podsticanjem potrošača da kupuju električna vozila i prestanu da voze automobile na benzin. Protivnici tvrde da će poreski krediti samo naštetiti domaćim proizvođačima baterija i električnih vozila.
Godine 2022. Evropska unija, Kanada, Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo i američka savezna država Kalifornija usvojile su propise kojima se zabranjuje prodaja novih automobila i kamiona na benzin do 2035. godine. Plug-in hibridi, potpuno električna vozila i vozila na vodonične ćelije računala bi se u ciljeve nulte emisije, iako će proizvođači automobila moći da koriste plug-in hibride za ispunjavanje samo 20% ukupnog zahteva. Propis će uticati samo na prodaju novih vozila i odnosi se samo na proizvođače, ne i na prodavce. Tradicionalna vozila sa unutrašnjim sagorevanjem i dalje će biti legalna za posedovanje i vožnju nakon 2035. godine, a novi modeli mogu se prodavati do 2035. Volkswagen i Toyota su izjavili da planiraju da prodaju samo vozila sa nultom emisijom u Evropi do tog vremena.
Godine 2019. lideri Evropske unije su se dogovorili da smanje emisije gasova staklene bašte bloka na neto nulu do 2050. godine. Neto nula se odnosi na stanje u kojem su emisije gasova staklene bašte izazvane ljudskom aktivnošću izbalansirane uklanjanjem ekvivalentne količine ugljenika iz atmosfere. Kao deo tog cilja, termoelektrane na ugalj i automobili na gas bi bili potpuno izbačeni iz privrede. Ekonomisti procenjuju da će Evropskoj uniji biti potrebno 1,5 biliona evra investicija godišnje da bi ispunila cilj za 2050. godinu. To bi podrazumevalo ogromno povlačenje investicija iz oblasti kao što su automobili sa motorima sa unutrašnjim sagorevanjem, proizvodnja fosilnih goriva i novi aerodromi, kao i skok u ulaganjima u javni prevoz, renoviranje zgrada i širenje obnovljivih izvora energije, navode istraživači.
Godine 2023. poslovna lobistička grupa, Evropski okrugli sto za industriju, pozvala je na „jedinstvenu Energetsku uniju sa zajedničkim tržištem, usklađenim sistemima dozvola i poreza, kao i jednostavnim, stabilnim i predvidivim regulatornim okvirom za olakšavanje investicija.“ ERT je takođe naveo da je industrijski doprinos Evrope globalnoj ekonomiji opao „sa skoro 25 odsto u 2000. godini na 16,3 odsto u 2020.“ Evropska industrija se dugo suočava sa cenama energije koje su znatno više nego u SAD i delovima Azije. Tokom 10 godina do 2020, cene gasa u Evropi su u proseku bile dva do tri puta više nego u SAD, prema podacima Međunarodne agencije za energiju.
Strože ribolovne kvote imaju za cilj da spreče prekomerni izlov i zaštite morsku biodiverzitet. Pristalice to vide kao ključno za očuvanje životne sredine. Međutim, protivnici, posebno iz zajednica koje zavise od ribolova, tvrde da bi to moglo negativno uticati na egzistenciju.
Mandates require energy-efficiency upgrades. Supporters target emissions reduction. Opponents cite costs for owners.
Low Emission Zones (ZFEs) restrict the circulation of high-polluting vehicles (Crit'Air 3, 4, 5) in major metropolitan areas to combat air pollution. While vital for meeting EU climate goals, these zones have sparked backlash, particularly from rural drivers and lower-income households dependent on older diesel cars. Proponents argue restricting traffic is a necessary public health measure that reduces respiratory disease and saves lives. Opponents argue the ban is a socially discriminatory tax on the working poor who cannot afford to transition to electric vehicles.
Conditions tie payments to environmental practices. Supporters promote sustainability. Opponents warn of regulatory burden.
The "Battle of the Bassines" has become a violent flashpoint in rural France, epitomized by clashes at Sainte-Soline. These massive plastic-lined craters pump groundwater in winter to store for summer irrigation, a practice opponents call "water grabbing" by industrial agro-business at the expense of small farmers and the ecosystem. Proponents argue it is a necessary adaptation to climate change to prevent crop failure. Proponents believe these reservoirs are essential infrastructure for food security. Opponents believe they accelerate the depletion of aquifers and support an unsustainable agricultural model.
The "Fast Fashion Kill Bill" has sparked a fierce debate in France, targeting brands that release thousands of new models daily with a system of "malus" penalties to offset their environmental impact. Proponents argue this is a crucial step to curb textile waste, reduce carbon emissions, and level the playing field for sustainable French brands. Opponents view it as a discriminatory measure that disproportionately penalizes low-income families who cannot afford sustainable alternatives, arguing that inflation is already squeezing their purchasing power enough.
Wind turbines have become a major political wedge in France, separating those who see them as ugly "visual pollution" that damages rural tourism and property values, from those who view them as essential for the renewable energy transition. Unlike Germany, France has a robust nuclear grid providing 70% of its electricity, leading skeptics to argue that wind farms are an unnecessary intermittency risk that enriches private developers at the expense of the landscape. Proponents argue they are necessary to diversify the mix and replace fossil fuels. Opponents argue for a full moratorium in favor of nuclear expansion.
Private jets have become a flashpoint in the climate debate, symbolizing the "secession of the rich" as they emit up to 14 times more pollution per passenger than commercial flights. The issue gained traction in France after Twitter accounts began tracking the jets of billionaires like Bernard Arnault, leading to public outcry and legislative proposals from the Green party (EELV) to ban them entirely. Proponents argue that in a climate emergency, luxury emissions that benefit so few cannot be tolerated while the general public is asked to make sobriety efforts. Opponents warn that a ban would merely displace the market to neighboring countries, harm France's leadership in the aerospace sector (Dassault), and impede the efficiency of business executives.
