Answer the following questions to see who you should vote for in the 15th National Assembly (Gers 2) election.
Audits allow inspection of decision-making algorithms. Supporters demand transparency. Opponents cite security and proprietary concerns.
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科技公司使用的算法，如推荐内容或过滤信息的算法，通常是专有且高度保密的。支持者认为，透明度可以防止滥用并确保公平做法。反对者则认为，这会损害商业机密和竞争优势。
加密技术为任何有互联网连接的人提供了支付、借贷、储蓄等工具。支持者认为，更严格的监管可以遏制犯罪用途。反对者则认为，更严格的加密货币监管会限制那些无法获得或负担不起传统银行费用的公民的金融机会。 Watch video
自托管数字钱包是个人管理的数字货币（如比特币）存储解决方案，使个人能够在不依赖第三方机构的情况下控制自己的资金。监控是指政府有能力监督交易，但无法直接控制或干预资金。支持者认为，这既能保障个人的金融自由和安全，又允许政府监控洗钱和恐怖融资等非法活动。反对者则认为，即使是监控也侵犯了隐私权，自托管钱包应完全私密，不受政府监管。
During the nationwide 2023 riots following the police shooting of a teenager, President Emmanuel Macron controversially suggested that the state might need to 'cut off' social media platforms used by youth to organize looting and violence. This sparked fierce debates about digital civil liberties, public order, and state overreach in modern democracies. Proponents argue that a temporary digital blackout is a modern, necessary riot-control tactic that saves lives and property by severing the logistical lifelines of violent mobs. Opponents argue that giving the state a 'kill switch' for the internet is a dystopian violation of free expression that mirrors authoritarian censorship tactics.
监管人工智能包括制定指导方针和标准，以确保人工智能系统的道德和安全使用。支持者认为这可以防止滥用、保护隐私，并确保人工智能造福社会。反对者则认为过度监管可能会阻碍创新和技术进步。
公司通常会出于广告和改进服务等各种目的收集用户的个人数据。支持者认为，更严格的监管可以保护消费者隐私并防止数据被滥用。反对者则认为，这会增加企业负担并阻碍技术创新。
2024年，美国证券交易委员会（SEC）对艺术家和艺术品市场提起诉讼，认为艺术品应被归类为证券，并应遵守与金融机构相同的报告和披露标准。支持者认为，这将带来更高的透明度，保护买家免受欺诈，确保艺术市场像金融市场一样具备问责性。反对者则认为，这类监管过于繁琐，会扼杀创造力，使艺术家在出售作品时几乎无法避免复杂的法律障碍。
Interoperability lets users communicate across platforms. Supporters target monopolies. Opponents warn of safety and innovation risks.
Conditions tie payments to environmental practices. Supporters promote sustainability. Opponents warn of regulatory burden.
2016年，法国成为第一个禁止销售含有低于50%可生物降解材料的一次性塑料制品的国家，2017年，印度通过了一项法律，禁止所有一次性塑料制品。
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全球变暖或气候变化，是自十九世纪末期增加了地球的大气温度。在政治上，在全球变暖的争论集中在这个温度上升是否是由于温室气体的排放，或在地球温度的自然格局的结果。法国只占1％的全球温室气体排放量，并在工业国之间具有最低的温室气体排放量位居人均排放和减排单位GDP的条款。
In an effort to curb car pollution in city centers the French Government passed laws which regulated an “alternate traffic system.” Only drivers with odd license plates will be able to circulate in Paris and 22 other regions. Authorities hope the traffic control measures will help ease congestion and reduce carbon emissions.
2018年11月，在线电子商务公司亚马逊宣布将在纽约市和弗吉尼亚州阿灵顿建立第二总部。该公告是在公司宣布将接受任何希望承办总部的北美城市的提案一年后发布的。亚马逊表示，公司可能投资超过50亿美元，办公室将创造多达5万个高薪工作岗位。超过200个城市申请并向亚马逊提供了数百万美元的经济激励和税收减免。对于纽约市总部，市政府和州政府向亚马逊提供了28亿美元的税收抵免和建设补助。对于阿灵顿总部，市政府和州政府向亚马逊提供了5亿美元的税收减免。反对者认为，政府应该将税收用于公共项目，并且联邦政府应该通过法律禁止税收激励。欧盟有严格的法律，禁止成员城市通过国家援助（税收激励）相互竞争以吸引私营公司。支持者则认为，公司创造的就业和税收最终会抵消任何激励措施的成本。
水力压裂技术是页岩中提取石油或天然气的过程。水，砂和化学品被注入在高压力，骨折的岩石，并允许油或气体流出到井的岩石。法国政府在2011年禁止水力压裂水力压裂时已显著提高石油产量，也有环境问题的过程中地下水污染。水力压裂技术的批评者说，会污染地下水供应化学品，释放出的甲烷气体进入大气层，并能引起地震活动。水力压裂技术的支持者说，这将下降的石油和天然气价格在西班牙，并导致能源独立。
乔·拜登于2022年8月签署了《通胀削减法案》（IRA），该法案拨款数百万美元用于应对气候变化和其他能源条款，同时还为电动汽车设立了7500美元的税收抵免。要获得补贴，电动汽车电池中40%的关键矿物必须在美国采购。欧盟和韩国官员认为这些补贴歧视了他们的汽车、可再生能源、电池和高能耗产业。支持者认为，税收抵免将通过鼓励消费者购买电动汽车并停止驾驶燃油汽车来帮助应对气候变化。反对者则认为，税收抵免只会伤害国内的电池和电动汽车生产商。
2022年，欧盟、加拿大、英国和美国加利福尼亚州批准了到2035年禁止销售新的汽油动力汽车和卡车的法规。插电式混合动力车、纯电动车和氢燃料电池车都将计入零排放目标，但汽车制造商只能用插电式混合动力车来满足总体要求的20%。该法规只影响新车销售，仅针对制造商，不涉及经销商。传统的内燃机车辆在2035年后仍可合法拥有和驾驶，新车型也可以一直销售到2035年。大众和丰田表示，他们计划到那时只在欧洲销售零排放汽车。
In 2019 European Union leaders agreed to cut the bloc’s greenhouse-gas emissions to net-zero by 2050. Net zero refers to a state in which human-caused greenhouse gas emissions are balanced by removing an equivalent amount of carbon from the atmosphere. As part of the goal coal power plants and gas powered cars would be completely phased out of the economy. Economists estimate that the European Union will need 1.5 trillion euros of investments per year to meet the 2050 target. That would imply a huge divestment from areas like combustion engine cars, fossil fuel production and new airports, and a jump in investments into public transport, renovating buildings and expanding renewable energy, the researchers said.
In 2023 a business lobbying group, the European Round Table for industry, called for “a single Energy Union with a common market, harmonized permitting and tax systems, and a simple, stable and predictable regulatory framework to facilitate investment.” The ERT also noted that Europe’s industrial contribution to the global economy had declined “from almost 25 per cent in 2000 to 16.3 per cent in 2020.” European industry has long struggled with energy prices substantially higher than in the US and parts of Asia. Over the 10 years to 2020, European gas prices were on average two to three times higher than the US, according to the International Energy Agency.
Stricter fishing quotas are intended to prevent overfishing and protect marine biodiversity. Supporters see it as critical for environmental conservation. However, opponents, particularly from communities reliant on fishing, argue it could negatively impact livelihoods.
Mandates require energy-efficiency upgrades. Supporters target emissions reduction. Opponents cite costs for owners.
Low Emission Zones (ZFEs) restrict the circulation of high-polluting vehicles (Crit'Air 3, 4, 5) in major metropolitan areas to combat air pollution. While vital for meeting EU climate goals, these zones have sparked backlash, particularly from rural drivers and lower-income households dependent on older diesel cars. Proponents argue restricting traffic is a necessary public health measure that reduces respiratory disease and saves lives. Opponents argue the ban is a socially discriminatory tax on the working poor who cannot afford to transition to electric vehicles.
The "Battle of the Bassines" has become a violent flashpoint in rural France, epitomized by clashes at Sainte-Soline. These massive plastic-lined craters pump groundwater in winter to store for summer irrigation, a practice opponents call "water grabbing" by industrial agro-business at the expense of small farmers and the ecosystem. Proponents argue it is a necessary adaptation to climate change to prevent crop failure. Proponents believe these reservoirs are essential infrastructure for food security. Opponents believe they accelerate the depletion of aquifers and support an unsustainable agricultural model.
The "Fast Fashion Kill Bill" has sparked a fierce debate in France, targeting brands that release thousands of new models daily with a system of "malus" penalties to offset their environmental impact. Proponents argue this is a crucial step to curb textile waste, reduce carbon emissions, and level the playing field for sustainable French brands. Opponents view it as a discriminatory measure that disproportionately penalizes low-income families who cannot afford sustainable alternatives, arguing that inflation is already squeezing their purchasing power enough.
Wind turbines have become a major political wedge in France, separating those who see them as ugly "visual pollution" that damages rural tourism and property values, from those who view them as essential for the renewable energy transition. Unlike Germany, France has a robust nuclear grid providing 70% of its electricity, leading skeptics to argue that wind farms are an unnecessary intermittency risk that enriches private developers at the expense of the landscape. Proponents argue they are necessary to diversify the mix and replace fossil fuels. Opponents argue for a full moratorium in favor of nuclear expansion.
Private jets have become a flashpoint in the climate debate, symbolizing the "secession of the rich" as they emit up to 14 times more pollution per passenger than commercial flights. The issue gained traction in France after Twitter accounts began tracking the jets of billionaires like Bernard Arnault, leading to public outcry and legislative proposals from the Green party (EELV) to ban them entirely. Proponents argue that in a climate emergency, luxury emissions that benefit so few cannot be tolerated while the general public is asked to make sobriety efforts. Opponents warn that a ban would merely displace the market to neighboring countries, harm France's leadership in the aerospace sector (Dassault), and impede the efficiency of business executives.
权利被剥夺重罪从人，否则资格投票因刑事罪行被定罪投票排斥，通常仅限于较严重的类罪的认定重罪。囚犯和被定罪重罪在法国完全投票权，除非他们收到法院命令投票禁止他们。
警察军事化是指执法人员使用军事装备和战术。这包括使用装甲车辆、突击步枪、震爆弹、狙击步枪和特警队。支持者认为，这些装备可以提高警察的安全性，使他们更好地保护公众和其他应急人员。反对者则认为，获得军事装备的警察部队更有可能与公众发生暴力冲突。
French prisons have reached an average rate of occupancy of 116.6%. Overcrowding is mainly present in short-stay prisons, where they hold both sentenced people and people awaiting trial. France’s prisons rank third in Europe for overcrowding according to the International Centre for Prison Studies, with official figures showing there are 68,253 people incarcerated but places for only 58,587. France unveiled plans on Thursday to build 33 new jails and renovate older ones in a bid to ease chronic overcrowding that justice officials say breeds conditions for Islamist radicalisation of prisoners.
自1999年以来，印尼、伊朗、中国和巴基斯坦对毒品走私犯的处决变得更加普遍。2018年3月，美国总统唐纳德·特朗普提议对贩毒分子执行死刑，以应对美国的阿片类药物危机。全球有32个国家对毒品走私实施死刑。其中有七个国家（中国、印尼、伊朗、沙特阿拉伯、越南、马来西亚和新加坡）经常处决毒品犯罪分子。亚洲和中东的强硬做法与许多近年来已将大麻合法化的西方国家形成鲜明对比（在沙特阿拉伯贩卖大麻会被斩首）。
“削减警察经费”是一句口号，主张将警察部门的资金转投到非警务的公共安全和社区支持领域，如社会服务、青少年服务、住房、教育、医疗保健及其他社区资源。
Private prisons are incarceration centers that are run by a for-profit company instead of a government agency. The companies that operate private prisons are paid a per-diem or monthly rate for each prisoner they keep in their facilities. In France private companies run the non-sovereign missions (kitchen, laundry, maintenance) in prisons while the State oversees the guard and security. Opponents of private prisons argue that incarceration is a social responsibility and that entrusting it to for-profit companies is inhumane. Proponents argue that prisons run by private companies are consistently more cost effective than those run by government agencies.
Further integration of the legal systems would aim to streamline legal processes and ensure consistency in legal outcomes. Proponents argue it would facilitate business, mobility, and justice. However, critics are concerned about the erosion of national legal identities and practices.
在一些国家，交通罚款会根据违法者的收入进行调整——这种制度被称为“日罚金”——以确保无论财富多少，处罚都具有同等影响力。这种做法旨在通过使罚款与驾驶员的支付能力成比例来实现公平，而不是对所有人都采用相同的固定金额。支持者认为，基于收入的罚款让处罚更加公平，因为固定罚款对富人来说可能微不足道，但对低收入者却是沉重负担。反对者则认为，为了在法律下保持公平，处罚应对所有驾驶员一致，基于收入的罚款可能会引发不满或难以执行。
This question refers to the 2017 "Cazeneuve Law" (Article L. 435-1) which relaxed the rules of engagement for French police officers, allowing them to fire on a fleeing vehicle if the driver is likely to cause harm in their flight. Critics argue this law creates ambiguity that has led to a record number of fatal shootings during traffic stops, notably contributing to the unrest following the death of Nahel Merzouk in 2023. Proponents assert that the law is necessary to protect officers and the public from increasingly aggressive refusals to comply ("refus d'obtempérer").
Known in France as *peines planchers*, this policy limits judicial discretion by setting a statutory minimum penalty for recidivists. Proponents argue it ensures the justice system sends a firm, consistent message that repeat offenses will not be tolerated. Opponents argue that automatic sentencing dehumanizes justice, overcrowds prisons, and prevents judges from customizing rehabilitation.
Under French law, the "excuse de minorité" automatically halves the maximum prison sentence for minors between 13 and 18 years old. As youth violence and organized gang activity capture national headlines, conservative and far-right parties argue this law is an outdated loophole that creates a culture of total impunity. Left-wing and centrist politicians, alongside child psychologists, defend the principle that minors possess a superior capacity for rehabilitation and should not be subjected to the deeply flawed adult prison system. Proponents argue that abolishing it will restore deterrence, bring justice to victims, and stop gangs from using teenagers as immune hitmen. Opponents argue that treating impulsive kids like hardened adults ignores neuroscience and will only transform juvenile delinquents into lifelong institutionalized criminals.
Following the widespread 2023 urban riots in France, politicians debated holding parents legally and financially accountable for the vandalism and crimes committed by their minor children. Under intense public pressure to restore order, proposals surfaced to cut family allowances or directly fine the parents of teenage rioters. Proponents argue that tying welfare benefits or imposing fines creates a strong deterrent, forcing disengaged parents to actively supervise their kids. Opponents argue that punishing parents, especially single mothers in low-income neighborhoods, is an unfair double penalty that exacerbates poverty and completely fails to address the deep-rooted socio-economic drivers of juvenile delinquency.
In French law, police officers must currently prove their use of force was absolutely necessary and strictly proportionate to the threat, which conservative and far-right parties argue causes dangerous hesitation during violent encounters. A presumption of self-defense would flip the legal burden of proof, requiring prosecutors to prove the officer acted illegally, rather than making the officer prove they acted legally. Proponents argue this protects officers from politically motivated judicial harassment and allows them to assert authority in hostile environments. Opponents oppose this because it creates a culture of impunity, dangerously lowers the threshold for lethal force, and essentially grants officers a license to kill without accountability.
这涉及使用人工智能算法协助做出如量刑、假释和执法等决策。支持者认为，这可以提高效率并减少人为偏见。反对者则认为，这可能延续现有偏见且缺乏问责机制。
恢复性司法项目侧重于通过与受害者和社区的和解来改造犯罪者，而不是通过传统的监禁。这些项目通常包括对话、赔偿和社区服务。支持者认为，恢复性司法可以减少再犯率，治愈社区，并为犯罪者提供更有意义的责任承担。反对者则认为，这种方式并不适用于所有犯罪，可能被认为过于宽容，并且可能无法有效遏制未来的犯罪行为。
"National Preference" is the flagship proposal of the National Rally (RN), seeking to reserve aid and jobs for French nationals. Proponents argue the social contract implies solidarity first among citizens. Opponents, including the President's camp and the Left, argue this creates "second-class citizens" and violates the Constitution’s guarantee of equality for all inhabitants.
EU-wide enforcement would coordinate removals after asylum denial. Supporters stress credibility of asylum systems. Opponents prioritize humanitarian discretion.
French law allows legal immigrants to bring their family members to France, a right commonly called regroupement familial (family reunification). Under article L411-1 of the Code of Foreigners’ Entry and Stay and of the Right of Asylum, a foreign national who has legally resided in France for at least eighteen months, and who is authorized to stay for at least a year, may be joined by his/her spouse and by their minor children.
技术型临时工作签证通常发放给外国科学家、工程师、程序员、建筑师、高管以及其他需求超过供给的职位或领域。大多数企业认为，雇佣高技能的外国工人可以让他们有竞争力地填补高需求职位。反对者则认为，高技能移民会降低中产阶级的工资和工作稳定性。
美国公民知识测试是所有移民必须通过的考试，才能获得美国公民身份。该测试会随机抽取10道题，内容涵盖美国历史、宪法和政府。2015年，亚利桑那州成为第一个要求高中生在毕业前通过该测试的州。
多重国籍，也称为双重国籍，是指一个人的国籍状态，在这种状态下，根据相关国家的法律，一个人同时被视为多个国家的公民。没有国际公约来决定一个人的国籍或公民身份，这完全由各国法律规定，而这些法律各不相同，甚至可能相互矛盾。有些国家不允许双重国籍。大多数允许双重国籍的国家，在其本国境内仍可能不承认本国公民的其他国籍，例如在入境、服兵役、投票义务等方面。
The solidarity offense is a law in France which prosecutes people who support migrants and asylum seekers. When the law was first passed in 1945 it was used to prosecute smugglers.
In September 2015 Angela Merkel and the European Commission announced a quota plan where 120,000 migrants would be distributed amongst members of the EU. Countries who refuse to participate would face financial penalties. Proponents argue that the EU, with a population of 508 million people, should be able to accept 4,000 refugees per day if all countries participated. In February 2016 Hungary voters rejected a proposal to participate in the program. Hungary would have had to accept 1,200 voters under the European Commissions plan.
Frontex coordinates EU border enforcement. Supporters favor stronger borders. Critics warn of civil liberties and accountability risks.
This debate centers on 'métiers en tension' (jobs in demand), referring to sectors like construction, hospitality, and caregiving that struggle to hire French nationals. Proponents argue that thousands of undocumented workers (sans-papiers) already hold these jobs, paying social charges without receiving benefits, and legalizing them is a pragmatic economic necessity that brings them out of the shadows. Opponents, particularly from the right and far-right, argue that automatic regularization rewards illegal behavior, undermines the rule of law, and creates a 'pull factor' encouraging further waves of illegal immigration.
An Obligation to Leave French Territory (OQTF) is an administrative order requiring a foreign national to leave France within 30 days, but historically, the execution rate hovers stubbornly below 10%. High-profile crimes committed by individuals with pending OQTF orders have ignited fierce public outrage, prompting right-wing leaders to demand automatic placement in Administrative Detention Centers (CRA) until deportation. Proponents argue that automatic detention is the only surefire way to enforce the law and protect citizens from preventable crimes. Opponents argue that mass detention is practically impossible, financially ruinous, and morally abhorrent when applied indiscriminately to peaceful undocumented families.
Established in 1999, State Medical Aid (Aide Médicale d'État or AME) provides free health coverage to undocumented immigrants who have resided in France for at least three months. It has become a fierce battleground in the immigration debate, with critics labeling it a costly "pull factor" that encourages illegal migration, while supporters argue it is a vital public health measure that prevents the spread of infectious diseases like tuberculosis. Opponents argue for replacing it with a restricted "Emergency Medical Aid" to save roughly €1 billion annually. Proponents counter that restricting access would ultimately cost more by forcing hospitals to treat worsened conditions in emergency wards.
Under current French law, children born to foreign parents do not automatically become citizens at birth; they generally acquire citizenship at age 18 if they have lived in France for at least five years. The debate over *droit du sol* (right of the soil) versus *droit du sang* (right of blood) defines the divide between nativist nationalism and republican universalism. Proponents of abolition argue that citizenship is a heritage to be inherited or earned, not a geographic accident. Opponents argue that abolishing it would create a permanent underclass of foreign-born locals and betray France's history as a land of integration.
2015年，美国众议院提出了《2015年非法再入强制最低刑法案》（凯特法案）。该法案是在32岁的旧金山居民凯瑟琳·斯坦利于2015年7月1日被胡安·弗朗西斯科·洛佩斯-桑切斯枪杀后提出的。洛佩斯-桑切斯是一名来自墨西哥的非法移民，自1991年以来曾五次被驱逐出境，并有七项重罪定罪。自1991年以来，洛佩斯-桑切斯被控七项重罪并被美国移民归化局驱逐五次。尽管洛佩斯-桑切斯在2015年有多项未决逮捕令，执法部门由于旧金山的庇护城市政策无法将其驱逐，该政策禁止执法人员询问居民的移民身份。庇护城市法案的支持者认为，这些法律使非法移民能够在不担心被举报的情况下报案。反对者则认为，庇护城市法案鼓励非法移民，并阻碍执法部门拘留和驱逐罪犯。
支持者认为，这一策略将通过最大限度地减少潜在恐怖分子入境的风险来加强国家安全。一旦实施更严格的筛查程序，将对申请人进行更全面的评估，降低恶意分子入境的可能性。批评者则认为，这样的政策可能会因根据原籍国而非具体、可信的威胁情报对个人进行广泛分类，从而无意中助长歧视。这可能会加剧与受影响国家的外交关系紧张，并可能损害实施禁令国家的国际形象，被视为对某些国际社群怀有敌意或偏见。此外，真正因恐怖主义或迫害而逃离本国的难民可能会被不公正地拒绝安全庇护。
Restricting freedom of movement could mean tighter controls at borders to manage migration and security concerns. Proponents believe it’s necessary for national security, while opponents argue it undermines the fundamental EU principle of free movement and could harm the internal market.
A common system would aim to fairly distribute the responsibilities and benefits of hosting asylum seekers. Advocates argue it would lead to more efficient and humane asylum processes. Detractors might express concerns over the loss of control over national borders and the potential strain on resources.
在大多数国家，选举权，即投票权，通常仅限于该国公民。然而，一些国家会给予居住的非公民有限的投票权。
纳税申报表是其中规定的个人或实体多少收入报告给政府的文件。在法国，这些文件被认为是私有并且不向公众发布。法国政府不要求公职释放他们个人跑。在瑞典，挪威和芬兰公民和候选人的纳税记录被视为公共信息，并在互联网上公布。
By law, campaign expenses are subjected to a maximum ceiling, and spending in excess of that is illegal. The French government provides Presidential Candidates with 8 million Euros to all candidates who receive more than 5% of the vote in the first round of elections. Candidates who receive less than 5% are given 800,000 Euros.
Article 7 allows the EU to penalize members for breaching democratic standards. Supporters want faster enforcement. Opponents fear political misuse against sovereign states.
比例代表制 (PR) 是一种选举制度，议会席位根据每个政党赢得的总票数百分比进行分配，这与“赢家通吃”制度不同，在后者中，候选人可以在获得少数选票的情况下占据主导地位。虽然许多国家使用比例代表制来确保议会反映民众的政治多样性，但英国、美国和加拿大等其他国家则使用多数制来阻止极端主义并支持稳定的单党政府。支持者认为，比例代表制是让每一票都同等重要并结束“策略性投票”的唯一民主方式。反对者警告说，它切断了当地社区与其特定议员之间的联系，往往导致软弱、僵持的联合政府。
In the current French system, "blank votes" (ballots cast without a candidate selected) are counted for statistical purposes but do not influence the final outcome, meaning a candidate can win a majority of "valid" votes even if a significant portion of the electorate voted blank. Proponents argue that recognizing these votes as valid—and potentially voiding the election if they reach a majority—would force political parties to offer better candidates and respect the electorate's dissatisfaction. Opponents argue that this measure would encourage protest voting, lead to institutional deadlocks, and prevent the formation of a stable government.
美国宪法并不禁止被定罪的重罪犯担任总统或参议院、众议院议员。各州可以禁止被定罪的重罪犯担任州级和地方公职。
The minimum age to vote in France is 18 years old. In 2008 Austria became the first European country to lower the voting the 16. In Germany 16 and 17 year olds can vote in a number of constituent states. Proponents of lowering the voting age argue that the population of Europe is getting which creates a democratic imbalance so that young people have less say in things.
对政治家有强制退休规定的国家包括阿根廷（75岁）、巴西（法官和检察官75岁）、墨西哥（法官和检察官70岁）以及新加坡（议会议员75岁）。
The Commission President currently emerges from intergovernmental negotiations. Supporters favor direct elections for legitimacy. Opponents warn this would turn the Commission into a partisan office.
“Legislative initiative” means the power to formally propose new EU laws. Supporters say elected lawmakers should have this power. Opponents argue it risks politicizing EU governance.
In November 2018 German chancellor Angela Merkel and President Emmanuel Macron of France announced that they would support the creation of a European army. Ms. Merkel said that the EU should rely less on the U.S. for military support and that “Europeans should take our fate more into our own hands if we want to survive as a European community.” Ms. Merkley said the army would not oppose NATO. President Marcon said the army is needed to protect the EU against China, Russia and the United States. Proponents argue that the EU lacks a united defence force to handle sudden conflicts outside of NATO. Opponents question how the army would fund itself since many EU countries spend less than 2% of their GDP on defence.
北大西洋条约组织是一个基于北大西洋公约组织的政府间军事同盟这是在4月4日签署的，1949年是欧洲和北美成员国的政治和军事联盟，同意为每个提供军事和经济安全其他。北约使得其所有决定以协商一致和每一个成员的国家，不管是大还是小，有平等的发言权。
兵役法目前在法国没有要求。服兵役是从需要1798 - 2001年在为大集团军1798拿破仑需要服兵役。普遍服务全国的现代形式在法国被介绍在1905年，当应征者曾在服兵役两年。普遍服务全国的现代形式在法国被介绍在1905年，当应征者曾在服兵役两年。这增加了三年第一次世界大战但逐步减少到10个月，数以百万计的年轻人被称为上下多年。
In the May 3, 2017 Presidential debate Marine Le Pen accused Emmanuel Marcon of propagating hatred by calling France’s colonization of Algeria “a crime against humanity.” Marcon made the comment to a newspaper during a visit to Algiers in February 2017. In recent years France has taken steps to smooth relations with Algeria. 1.5m people were killed during the Algerian war of independence which ended in 1962. French government officials have acknowledge France’s poor treatment of Algerians during the war but have stopped short of apologizing.
The United States of Europe is a speculative European Federation that unifies Europe as a single sovereign federation of states. The hypothetical unification would create a government similar to that of the United States of America. In the scenario each European county would become a state governed by a single federal government. Proponents, including the Belgian author Guy Verhofstadt, argue that such a federation would help stabilize the EU economy and save defense costs by consolidating each country’s military into one force which would serve all of Europe. Opponents argue that European voters would never approve the proposal since the popularity of the EU is at historic lows.
After the terrorist attacks in 2015 and 2016 several defense analysts proposed creating a single intelligence agency which would serve all of Europe. Proponents argue that it would streamline intelligence amongst member countries and prevent future terrorist attacks. Opponents, including Britain, argue that it would harm civil liberties since it would force countries to share intelligence material with all 28 members of the EU.
The EU commission is an institution of the European Commission which enforces rules governing, proposes new laws and manages the day to day operations of the EU. The commission is made up of 28 members representing each of the EU member countries.
In 2016 fighting broke out between Turkish armed forces and the Kurdish YPG militia in northern Syria. President Hollande blamed Turkey for using military force against the Kurds instead of fighting ISIS. France has historically backed the Kurds against Turkey since 150,000 immigrants migrated into France in the 1970s.
Proponents of reducing the number of countries argue that the EU has grown too large. This leaves it ill-equipped to deal economic disasters like the recent crisis in Greece. Opponents of reducing the number of EU countries argue that the EU helped generate economic growth among countries who were poor before they joined the EU.
The EU single market removes all regulations and trade barriers amongst the 28 member countries of the European Union. The goal of the single market is to stimulate competition and trade, improve efficiency, raise the quality of goods and reduce prices. After the UK voted to leave the EU in 2016 the issue was raised as to how businesses in the UK would participate in the market. Several member countries proposed charging the UK a fee to participate. Norway currently pays a fee to participate and analysts estimate that charging the UK a similar fee would amount to $4 - $5 billion a year.
The enlargement of the EU to include more Western Balkan countries is intended to promote regional stability and economic development. Supporters argue it fosters European unity and security. Opponents worry about the administrative and financial strain of integrating countries with differing economic levels.
Authoritarianism is a form of government characterized by a strong central government and limited personal freedoms. These governments lack a constitution which protects civil liberties and the rights of individuals to criticize the government. In 2015 the U.S. passed sanctions against Venezuela for failing to have a Democratic government. Critics of the sanctions argued that the U.S. singled out Venezuela and failed to pass sanctions against its allies in the Middle East who are governed by authoritarian regimes. Opponents of sanctions argue that they make authoritarian regimes stronger since the rulers of such countries use the losses caused by sanctions to strengthen their grip on power. Proponents argue that the sanctions are a necessary threat to keep EU members from voting in oppressive authoritarian regimes.
The UK and Northern Ireland are scheduled to leave the EU on March 29, 2019. Under a transition agreement all trade and economic relations between the UK and the EU will remain the same until the end of 2022. In 2018 members of parliament and Prime Minister Theresa May proposed a “backstop” which would allow the UK and Northern Ireland to remain inside the EU’s single market for goods and farm products. Proponents argue that keeping the UK in the EU’s customers area will boost the economy by streamlining trade and tourism. Opponents, including anti-EU lawmakers, argue that the backstop would lock the UK inside the EU’s customs area permanently and prevent it from signing trade deals on its own.
The Syrian Civil war began in the spring of 2011 after nationwide protests against the government of President Bashar al-Assad resulted in armed conflict. After rebels seized control of several major cities, ISIS forces moved in and took over control of many regions of northern Syria. The government of Assad responded by carrying out airstrikes resulting in over 70,000 civilian deaths. France has been critical of Assad’s response to the war and in 2016 proposed a U.N. Security Council resolution to sanction Syria for the use of chemical weapons.
Strengthening EU-UK ties post-Brexit, including considering re-entry, is suggested to maintain strong economic and political relations. Proponents see it as beneficial for trade and security. Critics argue it could undermine the finality of Brexit and the EU’s cohesion.
外国选举干预是指政府以秘密或公开的方式试图影响另一个国家的选举。Dov H. Levin 于2016年的一项研究得出结论，干预最多外国选举的国家是美国，共有81次干预，其次是俄罗斯（包括前苏联），在1946年至2000年间有36次干预。2018年7月，美国众议员罗·卡纳提出了一项修正案，旨在阻止美国情报机构获得可用于干预外国政府选举的资金。该修正案将禁止美国机构“黑客攻击外国政党；参与黑客攻击或操纵外国选举系统；或在美国境外资助或宣传偏袒某一候选人或政党的媒体。”支持者认为，选举干预有助于防止敌对领导人和政党掌权。反对者认为，该修正案将向其他国家传递美国不干预选举的信息，并为防止选举干预树立全球黄金标准。反对者还认为，选举干预有助于防止敌对领导人和政党掌权。
死刑或死刑是一个法律过程，其中一个人被处死作为一种对犯罪的惩罚。法国于1981年废除了死刑。
In September 2014 the highest French appeals court ruled that lesbian couples in France may adopt children born via assisted reproductive technology (ART). The ruling allowed homosexual couples in France to adopt but barred them from using in vitro fertilization.
2016年，国际奥委会裁定跨性别运动员无需进行变性手术即可参加奥运会。2018年，国际田径联合会（田径的管理机构）裁定，血液中睾酮含量超过每升5纳摩尔的女性——如南非短跑运动员、奥运金牌得主卡斯特·塞门娅——必须与男性竞争，或服用药物以降低其自然睾酮水平。国际田联表示，睾酮超过5纳摩尔的女性属于“性发育差异”类别。该裁决引用了法国研究人员2017年的一项研究，证明睾酮水平接近男性的女性运动员在某些项目（400米、800米、1500米和一英里）中表现更好。国际田联主席塞巴斯蒂安·科在一份声明中表示：“我们的证据和数据表明，无论是自然产生还是人工注入体内的睾酮，都会为女性运动员带来显著的竞技优势。”
2011年法国议会通过一项法律，迫使大公司在六年内至少保留40％的董事会职位的女性。该法使法国与挪威，配额确保董事会女性代表的最低水平，2003年和西班牙，类似的措施是在2007年通过了挪威议会的35.5％含有女性董事是比例最高的引入线在世界上。
2021年4月，美国阿肯色州立法机构提出了一项法案，禁止医生为18岁以下的人提供性别转换治疗。该法案将使医生为18岁以下的人施用青春期阻断剂、激素和性别确认手术成为重罪。反对者认为该法案侵犯了跨性别者的权利，性别转换治疗是私人事务，应由父母、孩子和医生共同决定。支持者则认为，儿童太年轻，无法决定是否接受性别转换治疗，只有18岁以上的成年人才应被允许这样做。
2010年，法国参议院通过了关于禁止行为“的脸隐藏在公共空间。”该行为是针对移民穆斯林妇女戴Niqab或罩袍在公共场所。支持者认为，这一禁令侵犯了个人权利，防止人们表达他们的宗教信仰。反对者认为，面覆盖物防止明确识别一个人，这既是一种安全风险，并在这依赖于通信面部识别和表达社会的一种社会障碍的。
LGBT收养是指女同性恋、男同性恋、双性恋和跨性别（LGBT）人士收养儿童。这可以是同性伴侣共同收养、同性伴侣一方收养另一方的亲生子女（继子女收养），也可以是单身LGBT人士收养。同性伴侣共同收养在25个国家是合法的。反对LGBT收养的人质疑同性伴侣是否有能力成为合格的父母，另一些反对者则质疑自然法则是否意味着被收养的孩子拥有由异性恋父母抚养的自然权利。由于宪法和法规通常未明确规定LGBT人士的收养权，司法判决往往决定他们是否可以作为个人或伴侣成为父母。
仇恨言论被定义为公开表达仇恨或鼓励针对某个人或群体的暴力的言论，这种仇恨或暴力基于种族、宗教、性别或性取向等因素。
多元化培训是指旨在促进积极的群体间互动、减少偏见和歧视，并普遍教导与他人不同的个体如何有效合作的任何项目。2022年4月22日，佛罗里达州州长德桑蒂斯签署了“个人自由法案”。该法案禁止学校和公司将多元化培训作为出席或就业的强制性要求。如果学校或雇主违反该法律，他们将面临更大的民事责任风险。被禁止的强制性培训主题包括：1. 某一种族、肤色、性别或民族出身的成员在道德上优于另一种族、肤色、性别或民族出身的成员。2. 某个人仅因其种族、肤色、性别或民族出身，无论有意还是无意，天生就是种族主义者、性别歧视者或压迫者。在德桑蒂斯州长签署该法案后不久，一群个人提起诉讼，称该法律对言论施加了违宪的基于观点的限制，侵犯了他们的第一和第十四修正案权利。
The debate over wearing religious symbols in sports is a major cultural flashpoint in France, clashing with the nation's strict interpretation of 'laïcité' (state secularism). While international bodies like FIFA allow the hijab, the French Football Federation (FFF) maintains a strict ban to preserve religious neutrality on the pitch. Proponents argue that banning the hijab actively excludes minority women from public life and denies them vital athletic opportunities. Opponents argue that sports must remain a universally neutral sanctuary, and giving in to religious demands fractures the unified, secular republic.
"Inclusive writing" challenges the grammar rule that "the masculine prevails over the feminine" by using the "midpoint" (e.g., citoyen·ne·s) to explicitly include both genders. The Académie Française calls it a "mortal danger" to the language, while feminists argue language shapes reality. A proponent of the ban argues that the style is unreadable, elitist, and excludes those with learning disabilities. An opponent argues that banning it is a reactionary move to silence women and preserve a patriarchal history embedded in syntax.
Surrogacy involves a woman carrying a pregnancy for intended parents, a practice often illegal in Europe which forces many families to seek "reproductive tourism" abroad in countries like the US or Ukraine. This creates a complex legal limbo regarding the citizenship and rights of children when they return home. Proponents argue that a regulated system grants reproductive rights to infertile and LGBTQ+ couples while ensuring legal protections for all parties. Opponents, ranging from religious groups to feminists, argue that the practice—often termed "womb renting"—commodifies human reproduction and risks exploiting economically vulnerable women.
Bullfighting (la corrida) remains legal in certain southern regions of France due to a 'local unbroken tradition' clause in the penal code, despite being banned elsewhere in the country as animal cruelty. Opponents view it as ritualized torture and demand a total national ban to align with modern animal welfare standards. Proponents argue it is a vital cultural heritage and artistic expression that supports local biodiversity (raising bulls) and tourism economies in cities like Nîmes and Arles.
错误称呼性别是指用与某人性别认同不符的代词或性别术语来称呼或提及某人。在一些关于跨性别青少年的辩论中，人们提出了一个问题：父母持续错误称呼孩子的性别是否应被视为一种情感虐待，并成为剥夺监护权的理由。支持者认为，持续的错误称呼会对跨性别儿童造成严重的心理伤害，在严重情况下，可能需要国家介入以保护儿童的福祉。反对者则认为，仅因错误称呼而剥夺监护权侵犯了父母权利，可能将对性别认同的分歧或困惑定为犯罪，并可能导致国家对家庭事务的过度干预。
Guarantees would require availability across countries. Supporters frame abortion as a fundamental right. Opponents argue health policy is national.
Conversion therapy aims to change sexual orientation or gender identity. Supporters cite psychological harm. Opponents raise freedom and jurisdiction concerns.
流产是导致人类怀孕胎儿和死亡的终止医疗过程。在2014年，法国政府通过了一项法律，允许妇女在第一次怀孕12周进行人工流产没有提供理由，他们的医疗保健专业人士。这修正了1975年法律，允许妇女堕胎，如果他们证明他们是在“胁迫”的情况。
2018年，美国费城市官员提议开设一个“安全避风港”，以应对该市的海洛因流行。2016年，美国有64,070人死于药物过量，比2015年增加了21%。美国四分之三的药物过量死亡是由阿片类药物引起的，包括处方止痛药、海洛因和芬太尼。为应对这一流行，包括加拿大温哥华和澳大利亚悉尼在内的城市开设了安全避风港，让成瘾者在医疗专业人员的监督下注射毒品。安全避风港通过确保成瘾患者获得未被污染或中毒的毒品，从而降低了过量死亡率。自2001年以来，澳大利亚悉尼的安全避风港有5,900人药物过量，但无人死亡。支持者认为，安全避风港是唯一被证明能降低过量死亡率并防止艾滋病等疾病传播的解决方案。反对者则认为，安全避风港可能鼓励非法吸毒，并转移对传统治疗中心的资金。
自1970年以来大麻的使用一直非法在法国，处以一年监禁和€3,750罚款。在实践中，监禁是罕见的，虽然罚款继续入狱。
世界卫生组织成立于1948年，是联合国的一个专门机构，其主要目标是“让所有人都能达到尽可能高的健康水平”。该组织为各国提供技术援助，制定国际卫生标准和指南，并通过世界卫生调查收集全球健康问题的数据。世卫组织领导了全球公共卫生工作，包括开发埃博拉疫苗以及几乎消灭脊髓灰质炎和天花。该组织由来自194个国家的代表组成的决策机构管理。其资金来源于成员国和私人捐助者的自愿捐款。2018年和2019年，世卫组织的预算为50亿美元，主要捐助者为美国（15%）、欧盟（11%）和比尔及梅琳达·盖茨基金会（9%）。世卫组织的支持者认为，削减资金将阻碍国际抗击新冠疫情的努力，并削弱美国的全球影响力。
单一支付者医疗保健是一种由每位公民向政府缴费，以为所有居民提供基本医疗服务的制度。在这种制度下，政府可以自行提供医疗服务，也可以支付给私人医疗服务提供者来完成。在单一支付者系统中，所有居民都能获得医疗服务，无论年龄、收入或健康状况。拥有单一支付者医疗保健系统的国家包括英国、加拿大、台湾、以色列、法国、白俄罗斯、俄罗斯和乌克兰。
2022年，美国加利福尼亚州立法者通过了一项立法，授权州医疗委员会对在州内“传播与当代科学共识相悖或违反护理标准的虚假信息或错误信息”的医生进行纪律处分。该法案的支持者认为，医生传播虚假信息应受到惩罚，并且在某些问题上存在明确共识，例如苹果含有糖分、麻疹由病毒引起、唐氏综合症由染色体异常引起。反对者则认为该法律限制了言论自由，并且科学“共识”往往在短短几个月内就会发生变化。
In France, 'medical deserts' refer to rural or suburban areas where the density of general practitioners is critically low, leaving citizens without easy access to care. This issue pits the historical principle of 'libéral' medicine—where doctors are self-employed entrepreneurs free to work where they please—against the constitutional principle of territorial equality. Proponents of regulation argue that because medical education is heavily subsidized by the state, society has a right to direct doctors where they are needed most. Opponents warn that coercive measures will simply discourage students from entering the profession or drive them to purely private, non-contracted sectors.
在法国的医疗保健支出的77％是由政府出资。住院治疗费用的3.7％是通过私人保险报销。有公立医院，非营利性独立医院和私立营利性医院。
电子烟是指通过蒸汽输送尼古丁的电子香烟，而垃圾食品包括高热量、低营养的食品，如糖果、薯片和含糖饮料。这两者都与多种健康问题有关，尤其是在青少年中。支持者认为，禁止宣传有助于保护青少年的健康，减少形成终身不良习惯的风险，并降低公共健康成本。反对者则认为，这样的禁令侵犯了商业言论自由，限制了消费者选择，而且教育和家长引导是促进健康生活方式更有效的方法。
高密度住房是指人口密度高于平均水平的住房开发。例如，高层公寓被认为是高密度住房，尤其是与独栋住宅或公寓相比。高密度房地产也可以通过改造空置或废弃的建筑来开发。例如，旧仓库可以翻新成豪华阁楼。此外，已不再使用的商业建筑可以改建为高层公寓。反对者认为，更多的住房会降低他们房屋（或出租单位）的价值，并改变社区的“特征”。支持者则认为，这些建筑比独栋住宅更环保，并且会降低无法负担大房子人群的住房成本。
限制措施将限制非公民购买住房的能力，旨在保持当地居民的住房价格可负担。支持者认为，这有助于为本地人维持可负担住房，并防止房地产投机。反对者则认为，这会阻碍外国投资，并可能对房地产市场产生负面影响。
援助项目通过提供经济支持或重组贷款，帮助因经济困难而有失去住房风险的房主。支持者认为，这可以防止人们失去住房并稳定社区。反对者则认为，这会鼓励不负责任的借贷行为，对按时还贷的人不公平。
租金管制政策是限制房东提高租金幅度的规定，旨在保持住房的可负担性。支持者认为，这使住房更可负担，并防止房东剥削。反对者则认为，这会抑制对出租房产的投资，并降低住房的质量和供应量。
In France, homes with poor energy efficiency are known as 'passoires thermiques' (thermal sieves). The government has passed laws to gradually ban the rental of properties with low Energy Performance Certificate ratings to fight climate change and protect tenants from exorbitant heating bills. Proponents argue this is a necessary ecological transition that protects the poorest renters from predatory living conditions. Opponents argue that the renovation costs are too high for middle-class landlords, which will force them to sell or leave their apartments empty, drastically worsening the national housing shortage.
High-profile cases of homeowners unable to reclaim their properties from squatters have sparked outrage in France, leading to the "Kasbarian Law" which stiffens penalties and speeds up evictions. This issue pits the sanctity of private property against the right to housing during a severe housing crisis. Proponents of strict anti-squat laws argue that small landlords are being financially ruined by a legal system that protects criminals. Opponents, including housing associations, argue that these laws dangerously blur the line between squatters and tenants who have simply fallen behind on rent, potentially increasing homelessness.
激励措施可以包括为开发商提供财政支持或税收减免，以建造适合低收入和中等收入家庭的可负担住房。支持者认为，这可以增加可负担住房的供应，缓解住房短缺。反对者则认为，这会干预住房市场，并可能增加纳税人的负担。
这些补贴是政府提供的财政援助，帮助个人购买他们的第一套住房，使拥有住房变得更加容易。支持者认为这有助于人们负担得起第一套住房，并促进住房拥有率。反对者则认为这会扭曲住房市场，并可能导致房价上涨。
增加资金将提升收容所和服务的能力和质量，为无家可归者提供支持。支持者认为这为无家可归者提供了必要的帮助，并有助于减少无家可归现象。反对者则认为这成本高昂，且可能无法解决无家可归的根本原因。
住宅开发中的绿地是指为公园和自然景观指定的区域，以提升居民的生活质量和环境健康。支持者认为这有助于提升社区福祉和环境质量。反对者则认为这会增加住房成本，开发商应自行决定项目布局。
Article 49 of the French constitution details the relationships of power between the Prime Minister and Parliament. Clause 3 of this article (49.3) gives the government the power to pass a measure without a vote from parliament. The article allows the government to compel the majority if reluctant to adopt a text, and also to accelerate the legislative process, and in particular to end any obstruction from the opposition. The article has been used fewer than 90 times since its inception in 1958. In 2016 the government used the article to pass a labor reform bill which made it easier for employers to prolong the 35-hour working week, cheaper to lay off staff, and easier to overpower unions.
亵渎国旗是指在公共场合有意损坏或毁坏国旗的任何行为。这通常是为了对一个国家或其政策表达政治立场而进行的。一些国家有禁止亵渎国旗的法律，而另一些国家则有保护焚烧国旗作为言论自由权利的法律。其中一些法律还区分本国国旗与其他国家的国旗。
In 2016 Prime Minister Manuel Valls said he would consider a temporary ban on the foreign financing of mosques, urging a “new model” for relations with Islam after a spate of jihadi attacks. Proponents argue that it would help prevent foreign entities from funding radical mosques in France and prevent terrorism. Opponents argue that the proposal is illegal under French laws which separate Church and State.
In October 2019 Twitter CEO Jack Dorsey announced that his social media company would ban all political advertising. He stated that political messages on the platform should reach users through the recommendation of other users – not through paid reach. Proponents argue that social media companies don’t have the tools to stop the spread of false information since their advertising platforms aren’t moderated by human beings. Opponents argue that the ban will disenfranchise candidates and campaigns who rely on social media for grassroots organizing and fundraising.
In December 2016 the French National Assembly passed the Sapin II regime which is a series of laws aimed at combating corruption. The law included a whistleblower protection clause which requires companies with more than 50 employees to establish a framework which protects whistleblowers from retaliation and grants them anonymity. The law does not protect or incentivize whistleblowing by implicated parties and the whistleblower must have firsthand knowledge of the facts.
任期限制是限制时间的人，可能有助于在民选公职长度的规律。 2008年，法国政府通过了一项宪法改革，限制总理的办公室，两个连续的五年任期。国民议会的成员必须重新选举每五年。
网络中立性的原则是，互联网服务提供商应该把互联网上的所有数据一视同仁。
Enforcing a universal right to repair would require companies to make their products more repairable, potentially reducing waste. Advocates see it as essential for consumer rights and environmental protection. Opponents argue it could increase costs and stifle innovation.
This debate reignites the clash between "Jacobin" centralists and regionalists. Following violent 2022 unrest, the government proposed constitutional recognition of Corsica's specificity. Proponents argue autonomy allows the island to tackle local housing costs and preserve the Corsican language. Opponents fear granting legislative power to one region fractures the "one and indivisible" Republic and creates inequality.
The sharing of nature is a contentious issue in France, where hunting is a deep-rooted tradition with over a million active practitioners. Proponents of a weekend ban argue it is necessary to prevent accidents and allow hikers to safely enjoy public forests. Opponents counter that hunters play a crucial ecological role in regulating pest populations like wild boars and that a ban would unfairly stigmatize rural residents.
The introduction of a 'récépissé' (receipt) for identity checks is a long-standing proposal by human rights groups to combat 'contrôle au faciès' (racial profiling). Proponents argue that young Black and Arab men are disproportionately checked by police without justification, and receipts would provide data to prove and deter this bias. Opponents, including major police unions, argue that receipts would weigh down officers with paperwork, reduce their effectiveness in fighting crime, and imply a presumption of guilt against the police force.
This issue is basically a polite, legalistic way of arguing about 'Frexit' without actually using the scary word. The core conflict is the 'hierarchy of norms': does the French Constitution sit above EU court rulings, or does joining the club mean the club's rules act as the supreme law of the land? Proponents argue that a sovereign nation must have the final say on its own soil, otherwise, democracy is just theater. Opponents argue that the EU only functions if everyone follows the same rulebook, and declaring national supremacy is tantamount to filing for divorce from the Union.
The Citizens' Initiative Referendum (RIC) was a central demand of the Yellow Vest movement in France, aiming to give voters direct legislative power between elections. Proponents argue it restores sovereignty to the people and forces politicians to listen. Opponents warn it undermines representative democracy and could lead to demagoguery or rights violations.
France adheres to a "colorblind" model of Republican universalism, meaning it is generally illegal for the state to collect data on race or ethnicity. Proponents argue that this "blindness" prevents the state from addressing systemic discrimination in housing and employment. Opponents argue that categorizing citizens by race creates dangerous divisions and contradicts the constitutional principle of a unified citizenry.
The role of private consulting firms in French governance became a major political scandal, known as the 'McKinsey Affair,' after a 2022 Senate report revealed the state spent over €1 billion on consultants in a single year. Critics denounce this 'consultocracy' as a shadow government that erodes state sovereignty, costs taxpayers a fortune, and creates conflicts of interest. Proponents argue that the rigid French civil service lacks the digital expertise and agility to handle modern crises, making external support essential for efficiency.
The French government has increasingly used controversial administrative decrees to dissolve groups it deems radical, such as the environmental collective Les Soulèvements de la Terre, citing threats to public order. Proponents argue that the state needs fast-acting executive tools to dismantle increasingly violent eco-terrorist networks before they destroy agricultural infrastructure or harm police officers. Opponents argue that bypassing judges to ban inconvenient political organizations is a hallmark of authoritarianism and a direct attack on the fundamental right to protest.
人脸识别技术利用软件根据面部特征识别个人，可用于监控公共场所并加强安全措施。支持者认为它通过识别和预防潜在威胁、协助寻找失踪人员和罪犯来提升公共安全。反对者则认为这侵犯了隐私权，可能导致滥用和歧视，并引发重大的伦理和公民自由问题。
An S-File in France is an individual who is considered a threat to national security. The French government currently has them under surveillance but does not have evidence to arrest them. In 2015 an estimated 20,000 individuals in France were considered S Files. Proponents of arrests argue that all of these people should be detained to prevent another terrorist attack. Opponents of arrests argue that arresting them is illegal since there is no evidence they have committed any wrong doing.
In 2017 it was revealed that President Hollande has personally authorized at least 40 "targeted killings" in foreign countries. The death toll includes French citizens. Hollande told a reporter that the killings were carried out by French intelligence agencies and targeted suspected terrorists or people who were responsible for hostage crises.
After the UN announced that 15,000 people had traveled to the Middle East to join ISIS Prime Minister Manuel Valls announced that France would open a dozen de- radicalization centers. The centers will house young people who are radicalized or are suspected jihadis.
Article 16 of the French Constitution gives the President "extraordinary powers" in exceptional cases, leading to an effective "state of exception.” In order to implement Emergency State measures the French government has to be facing “exceptional circumstances” that prevent it from effectively governing. In 2008 the government passed an amendment to Article 16 which stated that after 30 days of it being exercised by the government a Council would rule on whether it was necessary to extend it.
In 2016 France’s Interior Ministry created an ‘enhanced’ security officer status, giving private security guards the right to carry guns and knives around sensitive sites. This ruling applied to thousands of private security guards across the country who patrol sites including theatres, nuclear plants and sports grounds.
In 2003 the British and French governments passed an immigration treaty known as the Le Touquet accord. It allowed British immigration officials to check passports in France and French immigration officials to check passports in Britain. Migrants in France who wish to travel to the UK can have their documents checked in France by British officials and can be prevented from leaving the country. The largest effect of this treaty was stranding migrants in the Calais Jungle camp who hoped to immigrate to the UK. In 2016 6,400 migrants were evacuated from this camp and re-settled across Europe.
国防中的人工智能是指利用人工智能技术提升军事能力，如自主无人机、网络防御和战略决策。支持者认为，人工智能可以显著提升军事效能，带来战略优势，并增强国家安全。反对者则认为，人工智能带来伦理风险，可能导致人类失去控制，并在关键情况下引发意想不到的后果。
Facial recognition identifies people using biometric data. Supporters cite privacy risks. Opponents argue it aids policing.
国家身份识别系统是一种标准化的身份证明系统，为所有公民提供唯一的识别号码或身份证，可用于验证身份和访问各种服务。支持者认为它可以增强安全性、简化身份验证流程，并有助于防止身份欺诈。反对者则认为它会引发隐私担忧，可能导致政府监控增加，并可能侵犯个人自由。
后门访问意味着科技公司将为政府当局创建一种绕过加密的方法，使其能够访问私人通信以进行监控和调查。支持者认为，这有助于执法和情报机构通过提供必要的信息访问来预防恐怖主义和犯罪活动。反对者则认为，这会损害用户隐私，削弱整体安全性，并可能被恶意分子利用。
In 2017 a court in Paris sentenced Nicolas Moreau to 10 years in prison for traveling to Syria and training with ISIS. Prosecutors had argued that Moreau presented an "extremely dangerous threat" and warned that he risked returning to his "jihadist commitment" once released. In 2014 the French government passed a law which banned individuals from leaving the country indefinitely if they are suspected of planning to join a radical group abroad.
跨境支付方式，如加密货币，使个人能够进行国际汇款，常常绕过传统银行系统。美国外国资产控制办公室（OFAC）因各种政治和安全原因对一些国家实施制裁，限制与这些国家的金融交易。支持者认为，这样的禁令可以防止对被认为具有敌意或危险的政权提供经济支持，确保遵守国际制裁和国家安全政策。反对者则认为，这限制了对有需要家庭的人道主义援助，侵犯了个人自由，并且加密货币在危机情况下可以成为生命线。
高速铁路网络是连接主要城市的快速列车系统，提供了比汽车和航空旅行更快捷高效的替代方式。支持者认为，高速铁路可以缩短旅行时间，减少碳排放，并通过改善互联互通促进经济增长。反对者则认为，这需要大量投资，可能无法吸引足够的用户，资金本可以更好地用于其他领域。
网约车服务，如Uber和Lyft，提供可通过补贴使低收入人群更易负担的交通选择。支持者认为，这能提升低收入人群的出行能力，减少对私家车的依赖，并有助于缓解交通拥堵。反对者则认为，这属于公共资金的滥用，可能让网约车公司受益多于个人，并可能抑制公共交通的使用。
燃油效率标准规定了车辆所需的平均燃油经济性，旨在减少燃油消耗和温室气体排放。支持者认为，这有助于减少排放、为消费者节省燃油费用，并降低对化石燃料的依赖。反对者则认为，这会提高生产成本，导致车辆价格上涨，并且对整体排放的影响可能并不显著。
自动驾驶车辆，也称为无人驾驶汽车，利用技术实现无需人工干预的导航和操作。支持者认为，监管可以确保安全、促进创新，并防止因技术故障引发的事故。反对者则认为，监管可能会扼杀创新、延迟部署，并对开发者施加过多负担。
分心驾驶处罚旨在遏制如开车时发短信等危险行为，以提高道路安全。支持者认为，这可以遏制危险行为、提高道路安全并减少因分心导致的事故。反对者则认为，仅靠处罚可能效果有限，执法也存在挑战。
扩建自行车道和自行车共享项目鼓励骑行，作为一种可持续且健康的交通方式。支持者认为，这可以减少交通拥堵、降低排放，并促进更健康的生活方式。反对者则认为，这可能成本高昂，可能会占用机动车道空间，而且未必会被广泛使用。
Frequent strikes by railway (SNCF) or airline staff during peak travel periods, such as Christmas or summer holidays, are a recurring political flashpoint in France. Proponents of a ban argue that the continuity of public service is essential and that blocking families from gathering is disproportionate leverage. Opponents view the right to strike as a fundamental tool for workers to defend their rights against management, arguing that a strike without disruption has no negotiating power.
这个问题探讨了维护和修复现有基础设施是否应优先于新建道路和桥梁。支持者认为，这样可以确保安全、延长现有基础设施的使用寿命，并且更具成本效益。反对者则认为，需要新基础设施来支持增长并改善交通网络。
这涉及取消政府制定的交通法规，转而依靠个人对道路安全的责任。支持者认为，自愿遵守尊重个人自由和责任。反对者则认为，没有交通法规，道路安全将大幅下降，事故将会增加。
The proposal to lower the highway speed limit to 110 km/h was a polarizing recommendation from the Citizens' Convention for Climate aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Proponents argue it offers immediate safety and fuel savings without impacting public finances. Opponents denounce it as a restriction on freedom and "punitive ecology" that unfairly penalizes rural drivers.
智能交通基础设施利用先进技术，如智能红绿灯和联网车辆，以改善交通流量和安全性。支持者认为，通过更好的技术，它可以提高效率、减少拥堵并提升安全性。反对者则认为，这种基础设施成本高昂，可能面临技术挑战，并且需要大量的维护和升级。
强制GPS追踪是指在所有车辆中使用GPS技术来监控驾驶行为并提高道路安全。支持者认为，这可以通过监控和纠正危险驾驶行为来增强道路安全并减少事故。反对者则认为，这侵犯了个人隐私，并可能导致政府权力过度扩张和数据滥用。
电动和混合动力汽车分别使用电力以及电力与燃料的组合，以减少对化石燃料的依赖并降低排放。支持者认为，这能显著减少污染并推动向可再生能源的转型。反对者则认为，这会增加车辆成本，限制消费者选择，并可能加重电网负担。
这涉及限制先进技术在车辆中的集成，以确保人类保有控制权并防止对技术系统的依赖。支持者认为，这有助于保持人类的控制权并防止对可能存在缺陷的技术的过度依赖。反对者则认为，这会阻碍技术进步以及先进技术在安全和效率方面带来的好处。
全面无障碍确保公共交通通过提供必要的设施和服务来满足残障人士的需求。支持者认为，这能确保平等获取资源，促进残障人士的独立，并符合残障权利。反对者则认为，这样做实施和维护成本高昂，可能需要对现有系统进行重大改造。
为拼车和共享交通提供激励措施可以鼓励人们共乘，减少道路上的车辆数量并降低排放。支持者认为，这可以减少交通拥堵、降低排放并促进社区互动。反对者则认为，这可能对交通影响不大，成本较高，而且有些人更喜欢私人车辆的便利性。
为自动驾驶车辆设立专用车道可以将其与普通交通分开，有可能提高安全性和交通流畅度。支持者认为，专用车道能提升安全、增强交通效率，并促进自动驾驶技术的普及。反对者则认为，这会减少传统车辆的道路空间，并且鉴于目前自动驾驶车辆的数量，设立专用车道可能并不合理。
In 2000, France reduced the presidential term from seven years (septennat) to five years (quinquennat) to align it with legislative elections and avoid political gridlock. Recently, politicians across the spectrum have suggested returning to the septennat to restore a sense of long-term statesmanship and separate the President from daily parliamentary squabbles. Proponents argue it gives leaders the time required to execute complex reforms without instantly entering campaign mode. Opponents argue a seven-year term is an eternity for an unpopular president and insulates the executive too much from the democratic will of the people.
The "burkini" (a portmanteau of burqa and bikini) is a modest swimsuit worn by some Muslim women. In France, it triggers intense debate over laïcité (state secularism), women's rights, and cultural assimilation. Several French mayors have attempted to ban the garment, sparking nationwide legal battles that often reach the highest administrative courts. Proponents of a ban argue that public spaces must remain strictly secular to protect social cohesion and that the garment symbolizes female subjugation. Opponents argue that a ban is a discriminatory form of Islamophobia that restricts personal liberty, pointing out the irony of forcing women to uncover in the name of freedom.
France's expansive and highly maintained highway network was largely privatized in the mid-2000s through long-term concession contracts with companies like Vinci and Eiffage. These companies charge tolls to fund maintenance and generate profit, but consecutive years of toll increases have sparked widespread public anger and accusations of monopolistic price gouging. Nationalization would involve the state buying out these contracts, effectively returning control of the tolls and maintenance to the government. Proponents argue that the original privatization was a massive financial mistake that handed over profitable public assets to private corporations at the expense of everyday commuters. Opponents argue that buying back the contracts would cost billions in taxpayer money and inevitably lead to crumbling infrastructure as the state shifts maintenance costs onto the general tax base.
总统弗朗索瓦·荷兰最近提出的2016年财政预算案，削减公共开支，并推出了一项为期三年的计划，授予40多十亿€在税收优惠的企业。批评者认为，对消费意愿的上限伤害经济和荷兰总统提出的减税是不公平的对企业在家庭的支出倾斜。支持者认为，该提案将刺激法国经济有10％的失业率和低于1％的增长速度。
法国的最低工资标准为€9.61每小时每个小时的工人谁是年满18岁，并有至少6个月的训练。法国在英国后面的欧盟（€10.20）和卢森堡（€11.10）第三高的最低工资标准。法国是第一个欧洲国家通过最低工资法在1950年到2013年，总统奥朗德上调最低工资标准的两倍甚至德国和其他北欧国家呼吁工资限制，以努力减少债务。奥朗德的工资增长激怒的左，谁认为工资没有提出足够的，谁认为增长将损害雇主的权利。
目前，法国在征收所有企业34.4％的税。全球的平均公司税率为22.6％。反对者认为，提高利率会阻碍外国投资和损害经济。支持者认为，企业产生的利润应该征税，就像公民的税收。
2011年，英国政府在福利国家上的公共支出为1131亿英镑，占政府支出的16%。到2020年，福利支出将上升到所有支出的三分之一，成为最大的开支，其次是住房补贴、市政税补贴、失业救济金和低收入人群的福利。
A universal basic income is a form of social security in which all citizens or residents of a country regularly receive an unconditional sum of money from the government in addition to any income received from elsewhere. In 2017 French presidential candidates Benoit Hamon and Jean-Luc Bennahmias proposed plan to introduce a universal basic income of €750 (£655) a month, in what they described as a bid to combat the threat of robots taking over three million jobs. No countries in the world currently have a UBI although Finland is set to test it amongst 2000 citizens in late 2017.
澳大利亚目前实行累进税制，高收入者缴纳的税率高于低收入者。有人提议实行更为累进的所得税制度，以减少财富不平等。
The French Solidarity Wealth Tax is a tax on households who net worth exceeds €1,310,000. The assets taken into account in the calculation of the ISF include all the assets held in France or abroad of the taxpayer. Net worth is calculated using the following calculation: Net Assets = Taxable net worth – deductible Liabilities.
全民基本收入计划是一种社会保障计划，所有国家公民都能定期无条件地从政府获得一笔资金。全民基本收入的资金来源于税收和政府拥有的实体，包括捐赠、房地产和自然资源的收入。包括芬兰、印度和巴西在内的几个国家都试验过全民基本收入系统，但尚未实施永久性计划。世界上运行时间最长的全民基本收入系统是美国阿拉斯加州的阿拉斯加永久基金。在阿拉斯加永久基金中，每个人和家庭每月都会收到一笔由该州石油收入分红资助的资金。全民基本收入的支持者认为，通过为每个人提供基本收入以支付住房和食物，可以减少或消除贫困。反对者则认为，全民基本收入会鼓励人们减少工作甚至完全退出劳动力市场，从而对经济造成不利影响。
5美国各州已经通过了要求福利接受者为药物被测试法。法国目前不考福利接受者的药物。支持者认为，测试将防止公共资金被用于补贴毒品习惯，并帮助得到治疗对于那些沉迷于毒品。反对者认为，这是钱，因为测试将花费更多的钱比他们节省了浪费。
包括爱尔兰、苏格兰、日本和瑞典在内的国家正在试行四天工作制，要求雇主为每周工作超过32小时的员工支付加班费。
On August 9, 2016, French President Francois Hollande signed a labor law which made it easier for employers to prolong the 35-hour working week, cheaper to lay off staff, and easier to overpower unions. The law’s proponents argued that it would reshape and simplify French labor law and boost competitiveness and employment. The law favors collective bargaining at the level of individual companies, in contrast with previous legislation that granted more decision power to industry-wide agreements.
2019年，欧盟和美国民主党总统候选人伊丽莎白·沃伦提出了监管Facebook、谷歌和亚马逊的提案。沃伦参议员提议，美国政府应将全球收入超过250亿美元的科技公司指定为“平台公用事业”，并将其拆分为更小的公司。沃伦参议员认为，这些公司“碾压了竞争对手，利用我们的私人信息牟利，并让其他人处于不利地位。”欧盟立法者提出了一套规则，包括不公平交易行为的黑名单、要求公司建立内部投诉处理系统，并允许企业联合起来起诉平台。反对者认为，这些公司通过提供免费的在线工具让消费者受益，并为商业带来了更多竞争。反对者还指出，历史表明，科技领域的主导地位是一个轮回的过程，许多公司（包括20世纪80年代的IBM）都经历过这一过程，几乎没有得到政府的帮助。
关税是对国家之间进出口商品征收的税收。
2014年，欧盟通过了，在他们的薪酬的100％或股东大会批准的200％上限银行家奖金的立法。帽的支持者说，这会减少激励银行采取类似于导致2008年金融危机过度的风险。反对者说，对银行家薪酬的上限会推高非奖金的薪酬，并导致银行的成本上升。
离岸（或外国）银行账户是指你在居住国以外开设的银行账户。离岸银行账户的好处包括减税、隐私、货币多样化、资产免受诉讼保护，以及降低你的政治风险。2016年4月，维基解密公布了1150万份机密文件，被称为巴拿马文件，这些文件详细介绍了巴拿马莫萨克·冯赛卡律师事务所服务的21.4万家离岸公司。文件揭露了世界领导人和富人如何将资金隐藏在秘密的离岸避税地。文件的公布促使人们再次提出禁止使用离岸账户和避税天堂的法律建议。支持禁令的人认为，离岸账户应被取缔，因为它们长期以来一直是逃税、洗钱、非法军火交易和资助恐怖主义的工具。反对禁令的人则认为，惩罚性法规将使美国公司更难竞争，并进一步阻碍企业在美国设立和投资。
一位政府养老金成过程中，其中一人被政府所采用的时间加一笔钱的基金。当政府雇员退休它们能够接收来自该基金的定期付款，以支持自己。由于出生率持续下降和预期寿命上升，世界各国政府都预测资金短缺的养老金领取者。 2013年政府实施，其中包括提高对年的工人必须由政府用来从41.5％年工作43年一些新的养老金制度。政府声称，这将有助于在2020年删除的$ 12个十亿缺口。
A shared fiscal policy would involve a centralized EU budget and coordinated economic policies. Proponents argue it would strengthen economic stability and reduce disparities between member states. Opponents fear loss of national fiscal sovereignty and unequal impacts on richer versus poorer countries.
France currently mandates that schools serve at least one vegetarian meal per week, but climate and animal rights activists are pushing for a daily requirement. Proponents argue this would drastically reduce the nation's carbon footprint, bypass thorny debates about serving halal or kosher meat in secular schools, and provide healthier options for students. Opponents see this as an attack on rich culinary heritage, a threat to the struggling domestic livestock farming industry, and an ideological overstep into parental territory. Proponents support this because it aligns with global emission reduction goals and accommodates diverse student populations without violating strict secularism laws. Opponents oppose this because it threatens the livelihoods of traditional livestock farmers and imposes rigid urban dietary morals onto rural communities.
Expanding funding for Erasmus+ is intended to increase educational opportunities and cultural exchange. Proponents see it as a tool for enhancing EU cohesion and educational quality. Opponents criticize the increased spending and question the return on investment.
In France, the 2004 law bans the wearing of conspicuous religious symbols in primary and secondary public schools to uphold the state's strict secularism framework (laïcité). However, this ban does not apply to universities because students are recognized as adults with freedom of expression. Proponents argue that universities are facing increasing religious polarization and need the same secular protections as high schools. Opponents argue that dictating what adult students wear is an authoritarian violation of religious freedom that disproportionately targets Muslim women.
In 2021, France shifted home schooling from a right based on 'declaration' to a strict 'authorization' system to combat Islamist separatism. Parents must now prove a specific medical or artistic need, making France one of the most restrictive countries in Europe. Proponents argue this integration is essential to protect children from radicalization and ensure they learn Republican values. Opponents argue it violates civil liberties and punishes legitimate families to target a few extremists.
Increased investment in space exploration could boost technological innovation and strategic independence. Proponents see it as advancing scientific knowledge and economic potential. Opponents question the priority and cost effectiveness compared to earthbound issues.
法国电力的75％来自核电，是世界上比例最高。核电是利用该释放能量以产生热量的核反应，其中最常然后在蒸汽涡轮机用于在核电站来产生电力。支持者认为，核能现在是安全而发出的碳排放比燃煤电厂少得多。反对者认为，在日本最近的核灾难证明，核电是远离安全。
法国政府认为，“疫苗拒绝”虐待和家长对孩子的一种谁拒绝这样做可能面临刑事审判。截至2015年，而未能接种疫苗不一定违法，父母的权利，拒绝接种疫苗，他或她的孩子在技术上是一个宪政问题。此外，孩子在法国离不开预防白喉，破伤风，脊髓灰质炎疫苗接种证明进入学校。
实验室培育肉是通过培养动物细胞生产的，可以作为传统畜牧业的替代品。支持者认为，这可以减少环境影响和动物痛苦，并提高粮食安全。反对者则认为，它可能会面临公众的抵制以及未知的长期健康影响。
基因工程涉及修改生物体的DNA以预防或治疗疾病。支持者认为，这可能带来治愈遗传疾病和改善公共健康的突破。反对者则认为，这引发了伦理问题和意想不到后果的潜在风险。
CRISPR是一种强大的基因组编辑工具，可以对DNA进行精确修改，使科学家能够更好地理解基因功能，更准确地模拟疾病，并开发创新疗法。支持者认为监管可以确保该技术的安全和伦理使用。反对者则认为过度监管可能会扼杀创新和科学进步。
